Fasteners are widely used mechanical basic parts. They are widely used in various fields of the national economy such as machinery, electrical, automotive, transportation, aerospace and aerospace.
At present, regarding the world fastener market, global fasteners can be divided into three major markets in 2004. The first largest market is the North American market; the second largest market is Western Europe; the third largest market is Asian countries. The demand for fasteners in the United States and Western Europe has increased significantly, and the growth in demand for fasteners in China ranks first in the world. The three major markets cover almost the total demand for fasteners worldwide. The automotive industry is the largest user, followed by the maintenance industry market and the construction industry, then the electronics industry.
When the process of global economic integration is further accelerated, China’s national economy will continue to maintain a relatively high growth rate. China will gradually become a big manufacturing country, which will inevitably drive the demand for fasteners, and the market space is very large. The rapid development of the steel industry can fully meet the demand for fastener steel for the development of the fastener industry, and promote the rapid development and growth of the fastener industry. With the specialization and scale of fastener manufacturing, standard fasteners have gradually become the basic industrial industry of the national economy, and gradually realized automatic production. China's machinery industry is developing rapidly. The machinery industry is the largest user in the fastener industry. Its revival has spurred the rise of the fastener industry as an important part of mechanical basic components. China's fastener industry is undergoing new changes. The national energy, transportation, and construction industries are constantly developing. A number of large and medium-sized backbone enterprises have dominated these key areas; automobiles, motorcycles, railways, coal, and home appliances have been the main ones. Relying on the imported supporting host industry, it has gradually turned to domestic support, and domestic fasteners have begun to occupy these markets; as a result of actively opening up foreign markets, fastener export products have been greatly improved. With the gradual formation of global manufacturing centers and the development of China's machinery industry and automobile industry, the demand for fasteners in China is growing rapidly.
Problems with steel for fasteners
China's fastener industry is facing many problems, affecting and hampering the development of China's fastener industry. Among them, the unreasonable product structure is particularly prominent. From the perspective of domestic fastener consumption structure, the medium and low-grade fastener steels can basically meet the requirements in China, and the high-grade fasteners can only be partially satisfied. There are still oversupply of low-grade products, and the supply of high-grade fasteners is in short supply. The high-end fasteners that are urgently needed in China have to rely on imports. The reason for this phenomenon is that in addition to the fastener industry's own reasons for low product quality, insufficient grade and technical backwardness, the steel for fasteners provided by the steel enterprises to the fastener factory is still comparable in performance to similar foreign products. There are certain gaps, such as: the uniformity of the raw materials for fasteners is poor, sometimes the hardness is too high, and it cannot be used on high-speed cold heading machines.
Various fasteners are usually made from cold tantalum steel. Cold heading steel wire is generally produced from low- and medium-carbon high-quality carbon steel and alloy steel. It is mainly used to manufacture fasteners such as bolts, nuts, screws, rivets and some cold-formed parts. The fasteners mainly rely on cold heading. Forming, thus requiring low hardness and good plasticity of the raw materials. The raw materials for domestic fasteners are basically hot-rolled, and nearly half of the fastener factories report that 1/5 of the incoming materials have cracking problems. Since cold heading steel mainly has cracking and decarburization during cold heading, the fastener factory has to establish a drawing and annealing process to reform the material. Spheroidizing annealing is required before the standard parts factory produces fasteners. For high-strength fasteners, after the raw materials are cold-formed into finished products, final heat treatment of the product is required to improve performance.
For the production of high-strength (8.8 grade or higher) fastener steel, it must be medium carbon steel or medium carbon alloy steel due to the final performance requirements. At present, the steel for fasteners produced by various metallurgical manufacturers is not ideal due to its metallographic structure, and it is generally difficult to directly perform cold head deformation. Therefore, it is an indispensable part of the fastener to perform the necessary spheroidizing annealing before production.
This treatment process not only increases costs, but also pollutes the environment. Especially for a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, because there is no protective atmosphere heat treatment furnace, it often leads to surface oxidation and decarburization, which seriously affects the surface quality of standard parts. Therefore, the standard parts manufacturing industry is eager to hope that the metallurgical plant can supply process materials or annealed cold-rolled steel wire that can be directly drawn and cold-drawn.
Research and development of heat-free fastener rod and wire
China has a vast territory and unbalanced economic development. Different regions need different levels of wire products. Although with the construction of continuous, semi-continuous bar mills and high-speed wire rod mills, many advanced processes and equipment techniques have been applied, and the number of fastener bars and wires has been greatly improved in terms of quantity and technology. However, at present, China's rod and wire production is still generally ordinary rod and wire, and the technical level of high-grade rod and wire production is relatively slow. It is expected that at the end of the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, the supply of ordinary fasteners will be oversupplied, and the high-grade fasteners will be seriously short. China will still import some wire and fasteners every year. In order to better enter the international market, this puts higher requirements on the manufacture of fasteners.
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At present, regarding the world fastener market, global fasteners can be divided into three major markets in 2004. The first largest market is the North American market; the second largest market is Western Europe; the third largest market is Asian countries. The demand for fasteners in the United States and Western Europe has increased significantly, and the growth in demand for fasteners in China ranks first in the world. The three major markets cover almost the total demand for fasteners worldwide. The automotive industry is the largest user, followed by the maintenance industry market and the construction industry, then the electronics industry.
When the process of global economic integration is further accelerated, China’s national economy will continue to maintain a relatively high growth rate. China will gradually become a big manufacturing country, which will inevitably drive the demand for fasteners, and the market space is very large. The rapid development of the steel industry can fully meet the demand for fastener steel for the development of the fastener industry, and promote the rapid development and growth of the fastener industry. With the specialization and scale of fastener manufacturing, standard fasteners have gradually become the basic industrial industry of the national economy, and gradually realized automatic production. China's machinery industry is developing rapidly. The machinery industry is the largest user in the fastener industry. Its revival has spurred the rise of the fastener industry as an important part of mechanical basic components. China's fastener industry is undergoing new changes. The national energy, transportation, and construction industries are constantly developing. A number of large and medium-sized backbone enterprises have dominated these key areas; automobiles, motorcycles, railways, coal, and home appliances have been the main ones. Relying on the imported supporting host industry, it has gradually turned to domestic support, and domestic fasteners have begun to occupy these markets; as a result of actively opening up foreign markets, fastener export products have been greatly improved. With the gradual formation of global manufacturing centers and the development of China's machinery industry and automobile industry, the demand for fasteners in China is growing rapidly.
Problems with steel for fasteners
China's fastener industry is facing many problems, affecting and hampering the development of China's fastener industry. Among them, the unreasonable product structure is particularly prominent. From the perspective of domestic fastener consumption structure, the medium and low-grade fastener steels can basically meet the requirements in China, and the high-grade fasteners can only be partially satisfied. There are still oversupply of low-grade products, and the supply of high-grade fasteners is in short supply. The high-end fasteners that are urgently needed in China have to rely on imports. The reason for this phenomenon is that in addition to the fastener industry's own reasons for low product quality, insufficient grade and technical backwardness, the steel for fasteners provided by the steel enterprises to the fastener factory is still comparable in performance to similar foreign products. There are certain gaps, such as: the uniformity of the raw materials for fasteners is poor, sometimes the hardness is too high, and it cannot be used on high-speed cold heading machines.
Various fasteners are usually made from cold tantalum steel. Cold heading steel wire is generally produced from low- and medium-carbon high-quality carbon steel and alloy steel. It is mainly used to manufacture fasteners such as bolts, nuts, screws, rivets and some cold-formed parts. The fasteners mainly rely on cold heading. Forming, thus requiring low hardness and good plasticity of the raw materials. The raw materials for domestic fasteners are basically hot-rolled, and nearly half of the fastener factories report that 1/5 of the incoming materials have cracking problems. Since cold heading steel mainly has cracking and decarburization during cold heading, the fastener factory has to establish a drawing and annealing process to reform the material. Spheroidizing annealing is required before the standard parts factory produces fasteners. For high-strength fasteners, after the raw materials are cold-formed into finished products, final heat treatment of the product is required to improve performance.
For the production of high-strength (8.8 grade or higher) fastener steel, it must be medium carbon steel or medium carbon alloy steel due to the final performance requirements. At present, the steel for fasteners produced by various metallurgical manufacturers is not ideal due to its metallographic structure, and it is generally difficult to directly perform cold head deformation. Therefore, it is an indispensable part of the fastener to perform the necessary spheroidizing annealing before production.
This treatment process not only increases costs, but also pollutes the environment. Especially for a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, because there is no protective atmosphere heat treatment furnace, it often leads to surface oxidation and decarburization, which seriously affects the surface quality of standard parts. Therefore, the standard parts manufacturing industry is eager to hope that the metallurgical plant can supply process materials or annealed cold-rolled steel wire that can be directly drawn and cold-drawn.
Research and development of heat-free fastener rod and wire
China has a vast territory and unbalanced economic development. Different regions need different levels of wire products. Although with the construction of continuous, semi-continuous bar mills and high-speed wire rod mills, many advanced processes and equipment techniques have been applied, and the number of fastener bars and wires has been greatly improved in terms of quantity and technology. However, at present, China's rod and wire production is still generally ordinary rod and wire, and the technical level of high-grade rod and wire production is relatively slow. It is expected that at the end of the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, the supply of ordinary fasteners will be oversupplied, and the high-grade fasteners will be seriously short. China will still import some wire and fasteners every year. In order to better enter the international market, this puts higher requirements on the manufacture of fasteners.
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