If it weren’t for the U.S.’s huge technological progress in shale gas exploitation and a large amount of shale gas was put into the US consumer market, it would not be possible for today’s U.S. to become the largest producer of natural gas. In just 5 years, the gas supply structure in the United States has undergone enormous changes.
For China, the proportion of natural gas now accounts for only 4% of primary energy consumption. Looking around the world, natural gas energy consumption already accounts for about 20% of primary energy consumption. China's natural gas is still promising. Under such circumstances, shale gas, which is a supplemental energy source for natural gas, obviously also contains development opportunities that cannot be missed.
China's shale gas strategy started
Unconventional gas stored in shale is called "shale gas". As shale is also a dense rock, it can also be classified as tight gas strata. At present, only North America (mainly based on the United States) has achieved successful industrial development.
Although the study of shale gas started as early as several decades ago, if it is not the case that China started the West-East Gas Pipeline project in 2004 and the demand for natural gas has increased significantly, then the development and utilization of shale gas will be difficult to mention on the agenda. .
In 2010, the apparent consumption of natural gas in China reached 107.2 billion cubic meters, a year-on-year increase of 22.73%; of which, annual production was approximately 95 billion cubic meters, and net imports were 12.2 billion cubic meters. According to the forecast of experts, natural gas production is expected to maintain a growth rate of 13% to 15% in the next five years, while the average annual increase in natural gas consumption in China is as high as 17.5%. By 2015, the supply of domestic natural gas and imported gas will be between 222 billion and 240 billion cubic meters, and the development and utilization of shale gas will also bring benefits to the domestic supply of natural gas.
The great development of shale gas should be started from the American market.
According to a recent report by Russia’s “Eurasian Oil and Gas Newsâ€, the International Monetary Union (IMF) stated in a working paper a few days ago that the additional supply of shale gas has suspended the United States’ plan to import large quantities of LNG. The IMF expects The United States will become a natural gas exporter.
The IMF stated in the document that the gradual decoupling of oil prices from gas prices is particularly evident in the United States. This decoupling will expand with the unconventional natural gas production, especially the sharp increase in shale gas production in the United States, the world's largest oil and gas importing country and consumer country. Some people also think that the United States may become an "important natural gas exporter" in the coming period.
In 2009, the United States produced about 620 billion cubic meters of natural gas, which surpassed Russia’s largest natural gas output country, when Russia was only around 580 billion cubic meters. The rapid increase in natural gas production in the United States is directly related to the dramatic increase in production of shale gas.
For China, which has a large demand for natural gas and unconventional gas, it is impossible to ignore the prospects of shale gas.
At the end of June this year, the Chinese Academy of Engineering launched a 2011 major consulting project “China's Unconventional Natural Gas Development and Utilization Strategy†in Beijing. More than 150 experts from domestic relevant institutions, including 26 academicians, will participate in the research of this project. This project will propose key technologies, development strategies and policy recommendations for unconventional natural gas exploration and development in China by investigating the geological conditions, resource distribution, and enrichment patterns of unconventional natural gas formation in China, and make strategic decisions for national energy for the next 10 to 15 years. And planning provide scientific basis.
On June 27, the Ministry of Land and Resources threw out a tender for the transfer of shale gas exploration rights. This is the first time that the Ministry of Land and Resources has conducted an open tender for oil and gas prospecting rights. The shale gas prospecting rights blocks for this round of bidding are the Xiangxi Nanchuan Shale Gas Exploration Block and the Xiaoxiang Xiushan Shale Gas Exploration Block. Not only did PetroChina, Sinopec, and China United Coalbed Methane (CBM) participated in the bidding process, but also the Extended Oil Mines Authority and Henan Province Coalbed Methane Development and Utilization Co., Ltd. all joined the competition, and received 9 sets of qualified bids. The current bidding has been transferred to Expert evaluation stage.
In fact, the domestic oil giant's participation in the real node of shale gas should be regarded as after April last year. At that time, the Southern Branch of Sinopec Exploration Company established a new shale gas exploration project department, and Sichuan Petrochemical Geophysical Exploration Team 209 of PetroChina also completed the collection of data from three test sites in the Jialing River and Jurassic in the Sichuan Basin. Although Sinopec used joint shale gas extraction with individual foreign energy companies, the large-scale involvement of its own company is clearly a trend. “If foreign companies do not have mature technology to use, China does not need to choose to cooperate with foreign companies.†An oil industry analyst who disclosed his name told reporters.
Zhang Dawei, deputy director of the Oil and Gas Resources Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, once wrote that the country should select 20 to 30 shale gas exploration and development zones nationwide by 2020 and strive to achieve an annual production capacity of 15 to 30 billion cubic meters by 2020. According to the forecast of Zhou Jiping, president of CNPC, China's natural gas consumption will reach 300 billion cubic meters in 2020, and the shale gas production capacity will account for 5% to 10% of the consumption.
What are the barriers that need to be exceeded?
One of the cornerstones of the development of domestic shale gas in large areas is that domestic companies must have good personnel and technical strength.
Shale gas resources in China's major basins and regions amount to 15 trillion to 30 trillion cubic meters, roughly equivalent to the United States’ 28.3 trillion cubic meters.
Sinopec Southern Exploration Company's work at this stage is also mainly focused on geological evaluation. It is necessary to understand which areas are rich in shale gas. An insider from Sinopec Jiangsu Oilfield told the reporter that in reality, the general distribution of shale gas can be judged by the experience of the equipment and previous domestic natural gas extraction, but how much shale gas is still under specific orientation requires careful investigation and evidence collection. In addition, the geographical structure of China and the United States is not the same. It is not necessarily appropriate to completely copy the shale gas survey technology overseas.
Russian experts also pointed out that shale gas is divided into several types, some of which are found in less deep rock formations, and some of which are hidden in rock formations of 3,000 meters or more. The person in Jiangsu Oilfield also pointed out that China is still not well aware of the well drilling technology for deep rock formations. It is also very important to introduce or learn advanced shale gas technology abroad when necessary.
He said that assuming that the depth of shale gas burial is between 5,000 meters and 6,000 meters, there will be a big obstacle to drilling operations, which requires superb drilling technology and processes to prevent air leakage or explosion. The higher the temperature of the formation, the softer the rock, and the difficulty in drilling wells."
In the United States, companies combine horizontal wells and fault technology to smash hard rock layers. In addition, hydraulic fracturing technology can quickly obtain shale gas, which greatly reduces its production costs and increases production.
At present, Chinese companies have started cooperation with foreign companies in shale gas (or tight gas). On June 21 this year, Shell and PetroChina signed the "Global Strategic Cooperation Agreement between China National Petroleum Corporation and Shell Overseas Investment Company". At the same time, the two sides also signed relevant cooperation agreements on oil sand resources, unconventional natural gas, and engineering technologies in Canada. It is understood that the joint venture planned by the two parties will develop a "highly automated drilling production system" and equipment may be provided by Chinese companies, such as rigs, services and drilling equipment. This drilling production technology has been applied in Shell North America's shale gas mining operations.
And more than six months ago, CNOOC also acquired Chesapeake Energy Corporation of the United States. According to the terms of the transaction, CNOOC will purchase 33% of the latter's 600,000-acre Yingtan shale oil and gas project. The initial payment will be US$1.08 billion in cash. In addition, CNOOC will also pay some drilling and other expenses.
“The government can also consider providing certain policy guarantees for the exploitation of shale gas.†Guo Bo Securities researcher Liu Bo pointed out that overseas governments have provided tax incentives and energy support to shale gas developers. China is currently The development of shale gas apparently still requires relatively loose policies. For example, it is appropriate to allocate funds to encourage the active participation of various enterprises. The shale gas pricing can also be set at a higher level at the beginning because shale gas needs to be developed. There is a large amount of capital investment, and its external transportation is also unlikely to go directly to the first-line and second-line of the West-East Gas Pipeline, and it may be necessary to establish separate branch pipelines.
Of course, the initial development rate of China's shale gas may not necessarily be as fast as that of the United States. The United States is an area where energy competition is relatively complete. There are more than 60 developers of natural gas (including shale gas). While 80% of China's natural gas production comes from PetroChina, whether it is supply or exploitation, it may be led by PetroChina. If PetroChina does not have a clear-cut attitude toward shale gas exploitation, many other companies in the block may not be able to do so. Of course, the Ministry of Land and Resources currently conducts open bidding on some shale gas blocks to select the investors for shale gas, which can be seen as an opportunity to break the monopoly and give the large enterprises full competition.
For China, the proportion of natural gas now accounts for only 4% of primary energy consumption. Looking around the world, natural gas energy consumption already accounts for about 20% of primary energy consumption. China's natural gas is still promising. Under such circumstances, shale gas, which is a supplemental energy source for natural gas, obviously also contains development opportunities that cannot be missed.
China's shale gas strategy started
Unconventional gas stored in shale is called "shale gas". As shale is also a dense rock, it can also be classified as tight gas strata. At present, only North America (mainly based on the United States) has achieved successful industrial development.
Although the study of shale gas started as early as several decades ago, if it is not the case that China started the West-East Gas Pipeline project in 2004 and the demand for natural gas has increased significantly, then the development and utilization of shale gas will be difficult to mention on the agenda. .
In 2010, the apparent consumption of natural gas in China reached 107.2 billion cubic meters, a year-on-year increase of 22.73%; of which, annual production was approximately 95 billion cubic meters, and net imports were 12.2 billion cubic meters. According to the forecast of experts, natural gas production is expected to maintain a growth rate of 13% to 15% in the next five years, while the average annual increase in natural gas consumption in China is as high as 17.5%. By 2015, the supply of domestic natural gas and imported gas will be between 222 billion and 240 billion cubic meters, and the development and utilization of shale gas will also bring benefits to the domestic supply of natural gas.
The great development of shale gas should be started from the American market.
According to a recent report by Russia’s “Eurasian Oil and Gas Newsâ€, the International Monetary Union (IMF) stated in a working paper a few days ago that the additional supply of shale gas has suspended the United States’ plan to import large quantities of LNG. The IMF expects The United States will become a natural gas exporter.
The IMF stated in the document that the gradual decoupling of oil prices from gas prices is particularly evident in the United States. This decoupling will expand with the unconventional natural gas production, especially the sharp increase in shale gas production in the United States, the world's largest oil and gas importing country and consumer country. Some people also think that the United States may become an "important natural gas exporter" in the coming period.
In 2009, the United States produced about 620 billion cubic meters of natural gas, which surpassed Russia’s largest natural gas output country, when Russia was only around 580 billion cubic meters. The rapid increase in natural gas production in the United States is directly related to the dramatic increase in production of shale gas.
For China, which has a large demand for natural gas and unconventional gas, it is impossible to ignore the prospects of shale gas.
At the end of June this year, the Chinese Academy of Engineering launched a 2011 major consulting project “China's Unconventional Natural Gas Development and Utilization Strategy†in Beijing. More than 150 experts from domestic relevant institutions, including 26 academicians, will participate in the research of this project. This project will propose key technologies, development strategies and policy recommendations for unconventional natural gas exploration and development in China by investigating the geological conditions, resource distribution, and enrichment patterns of unconventional natural gas formation in China, and make strategic decisions for national energy for the next 10 to 15 years. And planning provide scientific basis.
On June 27, the Ministry of Land and Resources threw out a tender for the transfer of shale gas exploration rights. This is the first time that the Ministry of Land and Resources has conducted an open tender for oil and gas prospecting rights. The shale gas prospecting rights blocks for this round of bidding are the Xiangxi Nanchuan Shale Gas Exploration Block and the Xiaoxiang Xiushan Shale Gas Exploration Block. Not only did PetroChina, Sinopec, and China United Coalbed Methane (CBM) participated in the bidding process, but also the Extended Oil Mines Authority and Henan Province Coalbed Methane Development and Utilization Co., Ltd. all joined the competition, and received 9 sets of qualified bids. The current bidding has been transferred to Expert evaluation stage.
In fact, the domestic oil giant's participation in the real node of shale gas should be regarded as after April last year. At that time, the Southern Branch of Sinopec Exploration Company established a new shale gas exploration project department, and Sichuan Petrochemical Geophysical Exploration Team 209 of PetroChina also completed the collection of data from three test sites in the Jialing River and Jurassic in the Sichuan Basin. Although Sinopec used joint shale gas extraction with individual foreign energy companies, the large-scale involvement of its own company is clearly a trend. “If foreign companies do not have mature technology to use, China does not need to choose to cooperate with foreign companies.†An oil industry analyst who disclosed his name told reporters.
Zhang Dawei, deputy director of the Oil and Gas Resources Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, once wrote that the country should select 20 to 30 shale gas exploration and development zones nationwide by 2020 and strive to achieve an annual production capacity of 15 to 30 billion cubic meters by 2020. According to the forecast of Zhou Jiping, president of CNPC, China's natural gas consumption will reach 300 billion cubic meters in 2020, and the shale gas production capacity will account for 5% to 10% of the consumption.
What are the barriers that need to be exceeded?
One of the cornerstones of the development of domestic shale gas in large areas is that domestic companies must have good personnel and technical strength.
Shale gas resources in China's major basins and regions amount to 15 trillion to 30 trillion cubic meters, roughly equivalent to the United States’ 28.3 trillion cubic meters.
Sinopec Southern Exploration Company's work at this stage is also mainly focused on geological evaluation. It is necessary to understand which areas are rich in shale gas. An insider from Sinopec Jiangsu Oilfield told the reporter that in reality, the general distribution of shale gas can be judged by the experience of the equipment and previous domestic natural gas extraction, but how much shale gas is still under specific orientation requires careful investigation and evidence collection. In addition, the geographical structure of China and the United States is not the same. It is not necessarily appropriate to completely copy the shale gas survey technology overseas.
Russian experts also pointed out that shale gas is divided into several types, some of which are found in less deep rock formations, and some of which are hidden in rock formations of 3,000 meters or more. The person in Jiangsu Oilfield also pointed out that China is still not well aware of the well drilling technology for deep rock formations. It is also very important to introduce or learn advanced shale gas technology abroad when necessary.
He said that assuming that the depth of shale gas burial is between 5,000 meters and 6,000 meters, there will be a big obstacle to drilling operations, which requires superb drilling technology and processes to prevent air leakage or explosion. The higher the temperature of the formation, the softer the rock, and the difficulty in drilling wells."
In the United States, companies combine horizontal wells and fault technology to smash hard rock layers. In addition, hydraulic fracturing technology can quickly obtain shale gas, which greatly reduces its production costs and increases production.
At present, Chinese companies have started cooperation with foreign companies in shale gas (or tight gas). On June 21 this year, Shell and PetroChina signed the "Global Strategic Cooperation Agreement between China National Petroleum Corporation and Shell Overseas Investment Company". At the same time, the two sides also signed relevant cooperation agreements on oil sand resources, unconventional natural gas, and engineering technologies in Canada. It is understood that the joint venture planned by the two parties will develop a "highly automated drilling production system" and equipment may be provided by Chinese companies, such as rigs, services and drilling equipment. This drilling production technology has been applied in Shell North America's shale gas mining operations.
And more than six months ago, CNOOC also acquired Chesapeake Energy Corporation of the United States. According to the terms of the transaction, CNOOC will purchase 33% of the latter's 600,000-acre Yingtan shale oil and gas project. The initial payment will be US$1.08 billion in cash. In addition, CNOOC will also pay some drilling and other expenses.
“The government can also consider providing certain policy guarantees for the exploitation of shale gas.†Guo Bo Securities researcher Liu Bo pointed out that overseas governments have provided tax incentives and energy support to shale gas developers. China is currently The development of shale gas apparently still requires relatively loose policies. For example, it is appropriate to allocate funds to encourage the active participation of various enterprises. The shale gas pricing can also be set at a higher level at the beginning because shale gas needs to be developed. There is a large amount of capital investment, and its external transportation is also unlikely to go directly to the first-line and second-line of the West-East Gas Pipeline, and it may be necessary to establish separate branch pipelines.
Of course, the initial development rate of China's shale gas may not necessarily be as fast as that of the United States. The United States is an area where energy competition is relatively complete. There are more than 60 developers of natural gas (including shale gas). While 80% of China's natural gas production comes from PetroChina, whether it is supply or exploitation, it may be led by PetroChina. If PetroChina does not have a clear-cut attitude toward shale gas exploitation, many other companies in the block may not be able to do so. Of course, the Ministry of Land and Resources currently conducts open bidding on some shale gas blocks to select the investors for shale gas, which can be seen as an opportunity to break the monopoly and give the large enterprises full competition.
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