(1) The base fertilizer is the most important part of the fertilization in the vineyard. The base fertilizer is applied in the fall and can be carried out from the harvest of the grapes until the soil is frozen. However, production practices have shown that the sooner the basic fertilizer is applied, the better. The base fertilizer is usually applied with the decomposed organic fertilizer (fertilizer, compost, etc.) immediately after the grape is harvested, and some quick-acting fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate, urea and superphosphate, potassium sulfate are added. Base fertilizer has a good effect on restoring tree potential, promoting root absorption and flower bud differentiation.
There are two methods for applying the base fertilizer: the removal of the whole garden and the application of the ditch. The scaffolding grapes are mostly removed, and the fertilizer is buried with iron or plow. The withdrawal of fertilizer often causes the roots of the grapes to float, and should be applied as a ditch or a hole. Fence grapes are often used for ditching. The method is to ditch 50 cm from the plant, width 40 cm, depth 50 cm, 25-50 kg of organic fertilizer per plant, 250 g of superphosphate, 150 g of urea. A layer of fertilizer and a layer of soil fill the trenches in turn. In order to reduce the workload of fertilization, it is also possible to adopt the method of interlacing and ditching, that is, digging and fertilizing in the first, third and fifth rows in the first year, and trenching in the second, fourth and sixth rows in the second year. Fertilization, the rotation of the ditch, so that the entire park soil has been deep turned and improved.
The amount of base fertilizer applied accounts for 50%-60% of the total fertilization amount in the whole year. Generally, the yield of high-yield and stable vineyards is 5,000 kilograms per 666.7 square meters of soil (12.5-15 kilograms of nitrogen, 10-12.5 kilograms of phosphorus, 10-15 kilograms of potassium, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:0.5:1). The masses summed up as "one kilogram of fruit and five kilograms of fertilizer."
(2) Topdressing is applied during the grape growing season. Generally, the high-yield garden needs to topdress 2-3 times a year.
The first top dressing was carried out when the early spring buds began to expand. At this time, the flower buds are continuing to differentiate, the new shoots are about to start to grow vigorously, and a large amount of nitrogen nutrients are needed. It is advisable to apply the manure and manure mixed with ammonium nitrate or urea, and the application amount accounts for 10%-15% of the annual fertilizer.
The second top dressing was carried out at the beginning of the young fruit expansion after the flowering of Xiehua, with nitrogen fertilizer as the main factor, combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. This top dressing not only promotes the expansion of young fruit, but also facilitates flower bud differentiation. This stage is the strong period of grape growth and the key period for determining the second year of production. It is also called the “water and fertilizer critical periodâ€. It is necessary to do a good job in the management of water and fertilizer in the vineyard. In this period, the topdressing is to apply the manure or urea. Mainly available quick-acting fertilizers such as grass ash, and the amount of fertilizer applied accounts for 20%-30% of the total fertilization in the whole year.
The third fertilization was carried out in the early stage of fruit coloring, mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and the amount of fertilizer applied accounted for about 10% of the annual fertilizer use.
Topdressing application method: It can be directly applied to the soil of the root of the plant in combination with irrigation or rain. In addition, it is also possible to carry out the root external application, that is, spraying the inorganic fertilizer onto the plant to facilitate the absorption of the leaves. The external forced fertilizer can also be sprayed together in combination with the prevention and control of pests and diseases to save labor.
Modern grape fertilization relies mainly on the analysis and determination of mineral elements in the leaves. When the composition of an element in the grape leaves is below the lower limit of the appropriate range, it should be properly supplemented.
(3) The external topdressing and top dressing is the use of liquid fertilizer foliar spray to quickly supply the nutrients needed for grape growth. Currently, it is widely used in vineyard management, and the variety of nutrient requirements varies from grape to grape in different periods. Generally, 0.2%-0.3% urea or 0.3%-0.4% ammonium nitrate solution is sprayed in the new shoot growth period to promote the growth of new shoots; spraying 0.1%-0.3% borax solution before and during flowering can increase the fruit set rate. Spray 2-3 times 0.5%-1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 1%-3% calcium superphosphate solution or 3% grass ash leaching solution before the berry matures, which can significantly improve the yield and improve the quality. When the tree presents symptoms of iron deficiency or zinc deficiency, 0.3% ferrous sulfate or 0.3% zinc sulphate may be sprayed. However, when using sulphate roots, it is necessary to add equal concentration of lime to prevent phytotoxicity. In recent years, in order to improve the storage stability of fresh grapes, two times of 1% calcium nitrate or 1.5% calcium acetate solution can be sprayed continuously outside the root within one month before harvesting, which can significantly improve the storage stability of grapes. Performance.
It should be emphasized that the top dressing is only a way to supplement the nutrition of the grape plants, but the root dressing can not replace the base fertilizer and top dressing. To ensure the healthy growth of grapes, we must do a good job in fertilization work all the year round, especially the base fertilizer can not be ignored.
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