【Study on Fire Prevention】Comparison of Fire Control Work in Mainland China and Taiwan

Abstract: Due to the cross-strait political systems, different cultures and customs modernization development and other factors, so the fire service on both sides there are differences process. Analyzed and compared the fire brigade system in the mainland and Taiwan regions, the education and training of professional firefighters, the firefighting publicity methods, and the team responsibilities, pointed out some problems and deficiencies in the mainland firefighting work, and worthy of the work of fire protection in Taiwan. Lessons learned from successful experiences and practices.

Keywords: Taiwan area firefighting; mainland firefighting; comparative study; cross-strait

The government’s governance is good or bad, and it is an indicator of whether it can provide people with a place to live and work. Fire safety is one of the key tasks that cannot be ignored . China’s Taiwan Island is located in a special geographical location in the Pacific Rim seismic belt. Secondary disasters such as earthquakes and fires determine the richness of its disaster prevention experience. Among them, Taiwan’s fire prevention propaganda and firefighting force development in Taiwan is quite outstanding. This has certain reference value for China's mainland firefighting work. This article compares and analyzes the characteristics of China's mainland and Taiwan fire-fighting organizations in terms of their systems, education, training, and publicity. It not only clearly recognizes the problems existing in the field of fire protection in mainland China, but also provides effective reference for the further development of fire protection in mainland China. Experience and practice.

First, the rank system and fire power

( I ) Contingent system and fire power of the mainland fire fighting

The mainland's fire-fighting forces are mainly based on the public security active firefighting team, full-time fire brigade to supplement, and other forms of fire fighting coexist in the fire protection force system. Among them, the public security active service firefighting force is an integral part of the administrative law enforcement and criminal justice forces of the public security organ, and it is a military-led force that fights fire under the leadership of the public security organ. The public security fire brigade is mainly based on the military service, supplemented by the public security system, and included in the sequence of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force. It is also an important police type of the public security organ. The team is mainly responsible for extinguishing fires, rescues, anti-terrorism operations, and social assistance. Waiting for tasks is the first motivating force for large-scale disasters and also the highest fighting force rate in peacetime. Police officers of the public security fire-fighting force mostly provided training for outstanding soldiers through fire command schools or graduated from the Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy.

The full-time fire brigade mainly includes local government full-time fire brigades and corporate full-time fire brigades. The local government full-time fire brigade is invested and constructed by local governments. The young people of the right age who are recruited by the society are mostly responsible for the management and training of the local public security firefighting team and assume the tasks of fire fighting and emergency rescue in the area. The company’s full-time fire brigade was established by large airports, ports, petrochemical and other enterprises and institutions in accordance with the “Fire Law of the People's Republic of China”. It mainly undertakes the fire fighting missions within its own units and, if necessary, participates in the nearest local government in accordance with the instructions of the local public security fire brigade. Units for fire fighting and rescue work. Volunteer fire brigades are mainly distributed in rural and urban and rural communities. They are composed of volunteers in the region and undertake local daily fire prevention and initial fire fighting missions.

( B ) Taiwan fire brigade system and fire power

In Taiwan, professional fire fighting forces and non-governmental fire protection organizations are closely integrated. In addition to professional fire fighting forces, the competent departments are also actively supporting the development of civil fire fighting forces. The relevant laws also stipulate that all cities and counties should establish volunteer fire brigades, so volunteer fire fighters also become An indispensable part of firefighters in Taiwan

The firefighters in Taiwan are composed of full-time firefighters and volunteer firefighters. There are three types of full-time firefighters, all of whom are police officers. The first category is a fire police officer, who must be a master student graduated from the Fire Department of the Taiwan Police University. He is mainly responsible for presiding over fire command, administration, and supervision. The second category is technical personnel responsible for the inspection and management of dangerous goods, drawings for construction projects, inspection and inspection of construction, selection of fire fighting equipment, and maintenance management. Such personnel may graduate from non-police schools or fire schools, but also The related science and engineering history should be obtained. The third category is general firefighters. They are grass-roots personnel of the fire brigade and are responsible for various fire fighting and rescue work. They are mainly graduates of police colleges or other fire schools, and some are recruited from social youths through fire schools. Trained personnel.

In accordance with actual needs, the fire department in Taiwan assesses and formulates specific documents to rationally configure the number of firefighters based on actual conditions. If the number of posts is not less than 10 persons per vehicle according to different vehicle equipment, the basic number of posts will be set according to the different manners of attendance, and the prevention and administrative personnel will be based on the demographic factors, area factors, and special construction of the corresponding areas. And other factors to set up the staffing.

As the saying goes, “Large hydrolysis is not nearly thirsty.” The “neighbourhood rescue team” in Taiwan has proved this saying in a certain sense. The so-called “neighbourhood rescue team” refers to disaster relief agencies and regular relief personnel have not yet arrived in time. Rescue in the disaster area or the disaster area is too extensive. Before the government disaster relief agency deploys enough personnel to carry out rescue, the public is properly trained to carry out simple search and rescue operations, obstacle elimination, fire fighting, hemostasis, and classification of injuries, so as to accelerate the efficiency of disaster relief. reduce casualties and reduce the burden on the regular personnel performance, and thus play a good neighbor, the purpose of mutual care of J. The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) in the United States and the Community Disaster Prevention Organization in Japan are all community residents who uphold the philosophy of “helping people with the most pleasure and service is the most honorable”. They use self-willedness combined with people’s organizations to cope with emergencies. The self-rescue groups of the self-help groups, which are created by the community residents themselves, have a far greater impact than any fire prevention propaganda that is jointly provided by the fire protection agencies and residents committees to the residents.

( III ) Similarities and Differences of the Fire Fighting Contingent System and Firepower in the Mainland and Taiwan

The biggest difference between the fire brigade system in the mainland and Taiwan and the strength of fire fighting lies in the fact that the civil fire fighting power in Taiwan is more diverse. The full use of the people's power is already a trend. It is not easy for the firefighters in Taiwan to greatly increase their number. However, the task of fire fighting is getting heavier and heavier. How to strengthen the use of the people's power and assist in the disaster relief work and properly manage it is indeed the most effective way to improve disaster relief capabilities. effective method. In the use of civil fire forces, the mainland is not as complete as the Taiwan region. Some volunteer fire brigades are in a state of nominal status and have not fully played their due role.

From Table 1 , it can be seen that whether it is the mainland or the Taiwan region, compared with some other developed countries, the firefighting manpower is still insufficient, so both sides of the fire department have also formulated policies suitable for their own development in order to solve the problem of inadequate firefighting manpower. In 2005 , the relevant departments in Taiwan formulated the “ Five- Year Medium-Term Plan for Local Fire Fighting Manpower Supplementation” in 2005. However, from the perspective of the Taiwan region as a whole, the number of applicants for examinations for professional firefighters and technicians has been decreasing year by year. In recent years, the mainland has also started recruiting college students from local colleges and universities, and the proportion has also been increasing year by year. More and more local university graduates are investing in the firefighting force, entering the firefighting force, and inputting fresh blood into the firefighting force, bringing new ones. Vitality, vitality and philosophy.

Taiwan’s full-time firefighters are professional, which is different from the military service system of professional firefighters in the mainland. Due to the limited service period and establishment of the military service system, the rejuvenation of the team may cause senior personnel to be forced to leave the force due to certain restrictions. . Because the firefighting work is highly dangerous, requires long working hours, and requires strong physical features, Taiwan also has relevant regulations or laws that govern the age of firefighters. The age of retirement is usually five or six years ahead of the average civil servant. Year or so.

Table 1 List of Firefighting Manpower in Each Country

Second, fire personnel training

( I ) Training of Talents in the Mainland Fire Fighting

The fire education institutions in the mainland are relatively comprehensive. There are four types of education in the fire education system: first, academic education in fire schools is the leading factor; second, non-fire school training is used as an auxiliary; third, training in special training courses is added; The fourth is on-the-job learning. Several fire protection colleges directly under the Ministry of Public Security or the Fire Bureau have the ability to train officers or non-commissioned officers of different levels of education. For example, the Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy has a fire engineering department, a fire control department, and a force management department to provide academic education. In the main, the college not only undertakes the study of the theory of fire science, but also undertakes a large number of training tasks for the officers of the fire brigade. The Kunming Fire Commanding School mainly undertakes the training of the primary command and management cadres of the troops. The students in this hospital are the outstanding soldiers of the fire brigade who are uniformly recruited. The Nanjing Fire Fighting Officer School is mainly responsible for the promotion and professional training of outstanding non-commissioned officers. In addition, the provincial and municipal public security and fire control departments also have fire drill training bases of different sizes. They regularly perform on-the-job training and training for firefighters in various jurisdictions within the jurisdiction, and at the same time conduct business training for firefighters in social organizations. While the military academy flourished, local colleges and universities such as China University of Mining and Technology, Central South University and other local universities also have a high academic level in fire engineering. At the same time, they also cultivated many fire elites, except that some of them joined the public security police Most of the active firefighting teams will continue to engage in scientific research work in local firefighting companies, or they may assume important positions in local fire protection posts. Every year, the Fire Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security also organizes training classes on fire fighting and emergency rescue techniques and commanders, organizes and conducts on-the-job training activities, and requires all localities to strengthen their emergency rescue drills and improve their ability to respond quickly and cooperate. Some public security fire fighting detachments and brigades will also conduct fire drills for key units within their jurisdiction or at a specific time, or conduct centralized training for fire officers.

( II ) Training of firefighters in Taiwan

The fire education and training in the Taiwan region adopts a system in which professional education and training of colleges and universities are integrated with each other. At present, a relatively complete education and training system has been initially formed. Each city and county fire department has its own primary fire education and training system. Since Taiwan’s district fire has also been part of the police business, the training of firefighters in Taiwan has focused on the Taiwan University of Police Fire Science Department and the Taiwan Police. College Fire Safety Division . With the establishment of the fire prevention management system, the fire equipment inspection system and the licensing system for professional firemen and technicians, Wufeng University of Science and Technology has also set up a special department of fire science to meet the trend of times and social changes. In addition to the employment of graduates, they have chosen Equipment manufacturers or engineering consultancy companies are also responsible for the design and supervision of building fire-fighting equipment. They can also be qualified with the relevant graduates of the Fire Department of the Taiwan Police University to participate in relevant fire police personnel examinations and engage in fire rescue work. In addition, Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei University of Technology, Jiaotong University, Chenggong University, Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Evergreen University, and Hongguang University of Science and Technology have related experts and scholars engaged in fire safety or disaster prevention. the study. Taiwan’s fire department in charge of training professionals for fire protection regularly organizes six types of training courses each year for disaster prevention, disaster rescue, emergency rescue, other firefighting professional training, firefighting perennial training, and firefighting alternative training . At the same time, training is also organized for volunteer instructors of the volunteers and volunteers of the women's fire prevention team.

( III ) Similarities and Differences of Fire-fighting Talent Training in China and Taiwan

The success or failure of a firefighting job depends on the merits of firefighters. The merits and demerits of a person depend on the success of firefighting education and the selection of examination systems. The training methods for firefighters in the mainland and Taiwan regions are generally the same. Most of the police officers of professional fire brigades are from police academies. At the same time, they also accept other qualified personnel to join the fire brigade by participating in relevant examinations. At present, both sides of the Straits Police University have not yet carried out education at the Ph.D level. Professional firefighters may continue to pursue further studies in other institutions of higher learning, or even study abroad.

Third, fire prevention and disaster prevention knowledge dissemination and promotion

( 1 ) Characteristics of the Popularization and Propaganda of Knowledge on Fire Prevention and Disaster Prevention in the Mainland

The mainland knowledge of firefighting education is often conducted in a centralized and topical manner, such as the "safety production week" or "youth safety production demonstration posts" of enterprises and institutions. Some public security fire brigade will also occasionally go deep into residents' neighborhood communities for firefighting science popularization. Activities such as propaganda or fire science education, but generally have little effect. On the one hand, residents have low awareness of fire safety and thus have no interest in understanding. On the other hand, propaganda is mostly carried out in the form of posters or questions in the form of an album. It is not novel enough. Unable to attract a large number of community residents to pay attention, generally only the retirees and other leisure personnel participate. Or through firefighting exercises for some key firefighting units to achieve publicity, there are no related courses in the classrooms of most primary and secondary schools. Fire safety education has not attracted the attention of the school, and the school may consider it as a daily firefighting. The inspection of the equipment is sufficient. Relevant laws "Fire Act" and other public fire science education have made the appropriate provisions, but these provisions are simple administrative requirements, such as "Fire Act" Chapter 1, Article 6 states: "Education, human resources executives Departments, schools, and related vocational training institutions should incorporate firefighting knowledge into the content of education, teaching, and training. There are no requirements for specific measures, and there are no regulations concerning supervision and inspection of the implementation of public fire science education measures and the results of their implementation. Public fire education education measures are often biased in their forms, ignoring the effectiveness of improving public fire safety.

( II ) Characteristics of Popularization and Propaganda of Fire Prevention and Disaster Prevention in Taiwan

The Taiwanese region attaches great importance to firefighting career propaganda, mainly propagating the lofty nature of firefighting professions and the dedication of firefighters. This is to raise public awareness of the status and role of firefighting. The fire department made the implementation of disaster prevention education and promotion an important task. Taiwan's fire department in charge integrated the annual propaganda plan, according to different seasonal characteristics and festivals, the relevant units to develop propaganda themes and advocacy methods, the use of television, radio, print media, networking and other multiple marketing channels to implement disaster prevention propaganda. In addition, Taiwan’s disaster prevention education materials will be integrated into the primary education system. In Taiwan, although the firefighting team is also a disciplinary force, it is very warm in firefighting propaganda, and various forms of propaganda are more in line with different propaganda targets. Most websites of Taiwan's fire control authorities and counties and cities have also launched a children's version of the website for children, so that young children are more interested in understanding fire safety knowledge. Fireman's calendar can be said to be a unique feature of Taiwan's firefighting propaganda, allowing firefighters to show their muscles, not only to the display of firefighters' constitution, but also to indicate their ability to protect the safety of the people. . A variety of forms of propaganda not only increase the practicality and intensity of interest in promotional items, but also make the public more acceptable.

( III ) Similarities and Differences in Popularization and Propaganda of Fire Prevention and Disaster Prevention in China and Taiwan

Fire safety is related to the safety of life and property of the country and the people, so the propaganda and education of fire prevention and disaster prevention is oriented toward the entire society and every citizen. The propaganda of public fire safety knowledge in the mainland started relatively late with respect to the Taiwan region, and lack of scientific research as the basis for various popular science education measures was too formal. The propaganda form was too monotonous and boring, so there was no good educational effect, and the propaganda form in the Taiwan region was rich. It is also more warm and easier for the public to receive. Due to the island's topography in Taiwan, the types of disasters are not the same as in the mainland. Typhoons and earthquakes account for a large proportion of disasters. Therefore, there are differences in the focus of disaster prevention publicity, but they are also more comprehensive. The purpose of publicity is to increase public awareness and capacity for fire prevention. This requires that fire science popularization not only tells the public how to do it, but more importantly, it allows the public to consciously recognize the danger of fire and actively participate in fire prevention and extinguishing. In this way, firefighting propaganda can really achieve practical results.

Fourth, other aspects of comparison

The functions of the fire brigade in the mainland and Taiwan regions are mostly the same. However, in addition to fire prevention, firefighting, rescue, disaster management, and special search and rescue functions, the fire department in Taiwan also undertakes emergency rescue work similar to the “ 120 ” in the mainland. In case of a fatal condition or life-threatening illness, you can also call “ 119 ” to request help. In the “ 119 ” Command Center, emergency vehicles and professionally trained rescue workers will be sent to the rescue. Such an arrangement can combine firefighting with rescue and shorten the time for dispatch. Although the mainland fire protection agencies are constantly strengthening the basic skills of firefighters to save lives and the rescue of various traumas in disasters, as well as emergency treatment of common toxic gas poisoning, etc. But after all, there will be a gap with professional medical personnel. According to the “Fire Statistics Annual Report” published in Taiwan , it is known that the number of emergency rescue attendances at various levels of the fire department in Taiwan has grown at an average annual rate of about 10 % from 1993 to 2004 . In addition, the "Fire Department Disaster Relief Command Center" also cooperates with the "Search and Rescue Command Center" and the "Air Service Corps" to support air emergency medical rescue, referral and consultation tasks. Only in 2011 in Taiwan fire emergency ambulance service number on the attendance of more than 100 million times, and is still growing every year, compared with the year 1772 once the fire, the fire emergency ambulance service seems "overwhelming" trend.

In terms of the police, fire department some counties and cities in Taiwan for special consideration relatively comprehensive, for example, have reported an emergency distress system designed for listening (language) Impaired settings, such as newsletters and deaf telephone system to report an alarm system. When "119" green-line report accepts the case, combined with database hearing impaired data provided by the city's Bureau of Social Affairs established a report when the hearing impaired, the admissibility of the screen display immediately listen (language) Impaired address and display the report, By telephone, the dispatcher can immediately accept the dispatch to ensure that the acceptance of the operation is perfectly safe.

V. Conclusion

In view of the above analysis, the author believes that the mainland fire protection agencies can supplement firefighting manpower from multiple channels or form firefighting teams with different forms and functions, which can effectively enhance disaster relief capabilities, and can also strive for specific training to specifically improve the skills of grassroots firefighters. Level to ensure public safety of lives and property, and even national security and social stability. Or by improving the treatment of firefighters and improving the cadre management system for firefighting officers in active service, it may consider appropriate extension of service years, or a significant increase in the establishment of firefighting service, or further advance the professionalization of firefighting to solve the current shortage of professional firefighting manpower in multiple ways and through multiple channels. problem. Firefighting popular science propaganda forms should be richer, aiming at people of different ages, occupations, interests, and ultimately strive to increase the enthusiasm of public participation, so that the public can easily grasp the necessary fire safety knowledge with a strong interest or strong desire for knowledge. . In order to transform the single fire fighting mode in the Mainland into a multi-functional emergency rescue mode, it is also possible to consider the current " 120 " emergency rescue function as a combined fire fighting agency so that "rescue" and "rescue" can be combined more closely. Improve the rescue capabilities more effectively. Although the mainland's “comprehensive emergency command system for three units of public security agencies” has been promoted in most counties and cities, it did not achieve the tacit cooperation in the specific division of labor in the event of a disaster.

This article comes from the "Journal of the People's Armed Police Force" 2015 Volume 31 No. 12, reorganized by the Chinese rescue equipment network.