Abstract The United States has achieved many achievements in the field of inorganic non-metallic materials, metal materials, polymer materials and biomedical materials. Inorganic non-metallic materials: Stanford and the University of Southern California have developed a new method for designing carbon nanotube circuits, for the first time producing a...
United States A number of achievements have been made in the field of inorganic non-metallic materials, metal materials, polymer materials and biomedical materials.
Inorganic non-metallic materials: Stanford and the University of Southern California have developed a new method for designing carbon nanotube circuits, producing a carbon nanotube-based, full-wafer digital circuit for the first time. The entire line works even when many nanotubes are twisted and biased, without sacrificing material energy efficiency, compatibility with existing manufacturing equipment, and ease of commercialization; Rice University researchers have developed a common carbon fiber The biggest advantage of the new method for making graphene quantum dots is that a large number of quantum dots can be obtained in one step. This one-step technology is more simplified than the existing graphene quantum dot development process. The obtained quantum dots are less than 5 nanometers and have high solubility. The size can be controlled by setting the temperature at the time of manufacture. There is enormous potential for application in the fields of optics and medicine. In addition, the US scientists added an organic xylene solvent to the buckyball to make a new carbon compound, which is a kind of "ordered disordered arrangement". Called "chaotic" crystals, this material is very hard and can even leave dents on the diamond.
The field of metal materials: The University of Oregon found that it is possible to use amorphous materials to make "meta-materials" and achieve negative refraction, and to develop a new technology that can produce negative-refractive materials at low cost, and apply for a patent for this technology. It is expected to bring new products and even affect manufacturing. Cornell University uses amino acids to connect metal atoms and silicon atoms, and to achieve a chemical reaction with a larger surface area, while improving the conductivity of porous metal films by a factor of 1000. This technology is used to manufacture a variety of applications for engineering and Metal nanostructures in the medical field have opened the door.
MIT uses electron beam lithography and stripping processes to develop defect-free semiconductor nanocrystal films that are 180 times more conductive than cracked films made by conventional methods and can be widely used and open up potential research. field. Northwestern University and Michigan State University have jointly developed a stable environmentally friendly thermoelectric material based on the commonly used semiconductor lead bismuth. The thermal power quality factor (ZT) has set a world record of 2.2, which can be 15% to 20% waste. The conversion of heat into electricity has become the highest efficiency reported so far.
The better the light transmittance of the touch screen or solar panel conductive coating, the US researchers use a chemical solution to produce the most transparent indium tin oxide conductive film, the thickness is only 146 billionth of a meter, which can make 93 % of light is transmitted, comparable to glass. The technology is simple, low cost, and the flexible substrate has potential for manufacturing flexible displays.
In the field of polymer materials: Northwestern University used a polymer called polydimethylsiloxane to make a porous three-dimensional polymer material, and then poured liquid metal into the hole, thereby developing an extension like a rubber band. Stretched electronic materials, even if bent or stretched to 200% of the original size, work well, and have a wide range of applications in the fields of medical devices and consumer electronics manufacturing.
Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have demonstrated a cadmium selenide nanocrystal that can be "printed" or "coated" on soft plastic to make a variety of high-performance electronic devices, and according to the performance standards of cadmium selenide nanocrystals, It carries electrons 22 times faster than amorphous silicon. The new cadmium selenide nanocrystal circuit combines flexibility, relatively simple fabrication processes and low energy consumption, paving the way for new devices, sensors and other applications in biomedical and safety applications.
Biomedical materials: The University of Pittsburgh and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have developed a BZ gel that will automatically contract and relax. After applying a certain amount of mechanical pressure, the BZ gel, which is not beating, can resume beating again, just like the heart and lungs in medical treatment. Like resuscitation. This property has broad application prospects like human skin and helps to further study advanced materials that can sense mechanical and chemical reactions. In addition, a novel hybrid nanofiber biomaterial developed by American scientists can be used as a load carrier or an injured tissue patch in plastic surgery, which can provide enough loose growth space for cells and indicate that they are arranged in a new texture. Organized, the meniscus tissue that is grown using this technology is almost comparable to the real human meniscus.
US bioengineering has developed a "smart" hydrogel that cures in seconds by forming a new type of hydrogel that forms a bond, such as a Velcro, that is resistant to repeated stretching, allowing a cut or wound to “self†Repair", even if it is repeated many times, its welding strength does not decrease. The material is widely used in medical and engineering fields such as medical suturing, targeted drug delivery, industrial sealants and self-healing plastics.
Russia
Development of degradable polyethylene packaging materials, forging technology that achieves "no wear" and a new biocompatible cement.
In March, the Voronezh Institute of Technology in Russia developed a process for producing biodegradable polyethylene packaging materials using food industry waste as an additive. The degradable polyethylene packaging material produced by the process has high hardness and short degradation period. Ordinary polyethylene materials take more than 300 years to degrade, and this new material becomes brittle after 8 months of placement and can be crushed by hand.
In July, a number of experts from the National Bauman Institute of Engineering in Moscow, the Braganowow Machinery Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the All-Russian Institute of Aeronautical Materials announced the development of a technical method for forging steel to near lossless. degree. This technology can extend the actual life of steel mechanical parts by 10 times and reduce the wear rate by 100 times. It is expected to be applied to mechanical devices such as engine nozzles, camshafts and gears.
In October, scientists from the Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian National Voronezh University, and the Herzen Institute of Oncology in Moscow announced that they have successfully developed a new medical biomaterial, bone cement. . The adhesive is a biomaterial used to fill the bone and implant gap or bone cavity and has self-coagulation properties, and is biocompatible with the nano ceramic material to repair the injured bone tissue and dissolve into the human tissue. Minimize the probability of secondary surgery and postoperative complications.
United Kingdom
Nobel laureates led the development of graphene research and new achievements; the fullerene research made a major breakthrough; the world's lightest materials came out.
In January, André Heim, a professor at the University of Manchester in the UK who won the Nobel Prize in Physics for the first time in the production of graphene, used graphene oxide to create a new gas-permeable material that can be isolated. Most liquids and gases, but water vapor can pass through it unimpeded, so it has broad application prospects; in February, another 2010 Nobel Prize winner, Konstantin Novoselov of Manda, UK "Science" magazine said that a layer of molybdenum disulfide is placed between two layers of graphene to form a sandwich-structured graphene transistor that can effectively reduce electron leakage. This discovery will be based on graphene to manufacture ultra-fast computers. The R&D process has taken a big step forward; in October, researchers at Manda University showed that the monoatomic layer crystals of graphene and boron nitride were accurately stacked to construct a "multilayer cake" structure. Can be used as a nano-scale transformer. This study proves that graphene and related monoatomic thickness crystals can be layered in layers with atomic precision, which can create complex devices with multiple functions.
In addition to graphene, British scientists' research and development achievements in the field of new materials include: In May, the research on fullerene has made significant progress. Scientists in the UK and Japan published an article in Nature, saying that they have a fullerene structure. A major breakthrough was made in the formation of the analysis, and the unsolved mystery that existed in the field of chemistry for more than 20 years was unveiled. In July, scientists from the UK and Germany developed the world’s lightest material, “flying graphiteâ€. With a density of only 0.2 mg/cm3, this material has stable properties, good electrical conductivity, ductility and is very robust, and can be widely used in batteries, aerospace and electrical shielding.
Germany
Three aspects are worthy of attention: one is the recycling and replacement research of rare earth materials; the second is the research on materials related to the storage and utilization of renewable energy; the third is the application and safety research of nanometers.
In 2012, Germany developed key technologies for the recycling of rare earth materials under the co-ordination of the high-tech strategy “Key Technologies in Electric Vehiclesâ€. For example, the dismantling, repairing and recycling technology of permanent magnet components in scrapped motors, the recovery technology of rare earth elements in permanent magnets, the design technology of recycling motors, the economic and environmental impact control of production processes, etc. In order to improve the utilization of energy and resources, liquid metal research has also received more attention in Germany. In 2012, the Liquid Metal Research Alliance led by the Helmholtz Dresden Research Center was established in Germany. Liquid metal can be used in new liquid metal battery storage, zero-emission hydrogen production, or in the manufacture of solar cells, and is therefore included in the future of technology.
In terms of nano research, in 2012, the German Federal Ministry of the Environment, the German Federal Institute for Occupational Health and Safety and the BASF Institute jointly launched the long-term research project “Nanomaterial Safetyâ€. The goal is to understand the long-term effects that various important nanomaterials may have on the surrounding environment, especially the long-term effects on the workplace and the living environment at low doses.
The University of Munich in Germany has successfully developed the "nano-ear", which can detect sound waves with a intensity of -60 decibels, which is several million times more sensitive than the human ear. The main part of this "nano-ear" is a gold nanosphere with a diameter of about 60 nanometers. It is suspended in the action of the laser beam. When it is subjected to the action of tiny sound waves, it will produce nano-level vibration along the direction of the sound wave. This movement of the ball can be observed by a dark field microscope and recorded by an image, whereby the extremely weak sound waves in the microscopic world can be determined.
Researchers at the Technical University of Munich in Germany have invented a new type of radiation shielding material that can be recycled. This material contains iron particles, paraffin oil and boron compounds that look like wet black sand. Compared to conventional heavy concrete, this material is 20% lighter and reusable. It is filled in a steel container and placed in the experimental terminal to shield the radiation; if it is not used here, it can be taken out of the container and reused in another place.
France
New technology is used to filter out gold from industrial wastewater; it is proved that hydrated membranes in proteins are not irreplaceable.
In October, a company called MagpiePolymers in Paris, France, began selling a patented technology similar to “alchemy†that filtered gold from wastewater. This technology is actually a method of extracting precious metals from industrial wastewater, even if it is a very rare metal. The extraction process utilizes a tiny plastic resin bead. When the wastewater is pumped through the small ball, rare precious metals such as gold, platinum, palladium, and rhodium will slowly adhere to the beads and separate from the water. It is said that 1 liter of this resin can process 5-10 cubic meters of wastewater and extract rare metals worth 3,000-5,000 euros. In addition to extracting trace amounts of precious metals, the new technology can also be used to filter harmful metals such as lead, mercury, cobalt, copper and uranium.
On August 3, the French National Research Center issued a communique stating that an international research team confirmed that a polymer nanofilm possesses similar properties to hydrated membranes and maintains protein activity. The role of this nanomembrane will open up new research directions in the fields of industry, pharmacology and medicine.
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