According to the form of the compound: ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, amide nitrogen fertilizer.
(1) Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer:
A nitrogen-containing compound containing an ammonium ion (NH4+) or ammonia (NH3). Including ammonium hydrogencarbonate (NH4CO3), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), ammonia (NH4OH), liquid ammonia (NH3), and the like.
1. Common features:
(1) It is easily soluble in water and is a quick-acting nutrient. The crop can be directly absorbed and utilized, and the fertilizer effect is fast.
(2) NH4+ is adsorbed by soil colloid to form exchangeable nutrients, which has low mobility and is not easy to leaching.
(3) Loss of ammonia volatilization caused by decomposition of alkaline substances. When used, it can not be mixed with alkaline fertilizer; it can be prevented from volatilization during storage and transportation (sealing, use after bag opening);
(4) In the well-ventilated soil, nitrification is prone to form nitrate nitrogen.
(5) Fertilizer effect is slower than nitrate fertilizer, but it can be used as top dressing or base fertilizer.
2. Commonly used ammonium nitrogen fertilizer:
(1) Liquid ammonia: liquid ammonia gas, the composition is NH3, containing 82.3% of N, in a gaseous state at normal temperature and normal pressure, so it is stored in a pressure-resistant container. Chemically alkaline, with strong corrosion and irritation, do not touch the skin directly. Do base fertilizer, deep application, not suitable for topdressing and seed fertilizer. Anti-volatile.
(2) Ammonia: Molecular formula NH3·H2O, containing 12-17% nitrogen, liquid, volatile, irritating ammonia odor, chemically alkaline (pH greater than 10). Can be used as base fertilizer, top dressing, not suitable for seed fertilizer. After dilution, deep application and cover soil, adding adsorbent substances can prevent oxidation.
(3) Ammonium hydrogencarbonate: the molecular formula NH4HCO3, containing about 17% nitrogen. The aqueous fertilizer solution is alkaline; it is chemically unstable, easily decomposes and volatilizes and loses ammonia, is prone to deliquescence, agglomeration, and does not leave any auxiliary components. It is called "gas fertilizer". Can be used as base fertilizer, top dressing, not suitable for seed fertilizer. When fertilizing, do not leave the soil, and do not leave the water.
(4) Ammonium sulfate: the molecular formula NH4SO4, generally referred to as standard nitrogen fertilizer. Containing N 20 to 21%. The aqueous fertilizer solution is weakly acidic; it has good physical properties (non-hygroscopic, non-caking) and is a physiologically acidic fertilizer. The long-term application alone will acidify the soil. It is suitable for base fertilizer, top dressing and seed fertilizer, suitable for various crops, and the effect of applying sulfur crops is better. It should not be applied alone for a long time when applied, and the calcareous soil or paddy field should be applied deeply, and the paddy field should not be applied for a long time.
(5) Ammonium chloride: the molecular formula NH4Cl, containing N 24 to 25%. The aqueous fertilizer solution is weakly acidic; the physical properties are better, the hygroscopicity is slightly larger than ammonium sulfate, and it is a physiological acid fertilizer. Suitable for base fertilizer, top dressing, not suitable for seed fertilizer. Do not apply chlorine crops when applied, and rice fields can be applied for a long time.
(2) Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer:
A nitrogen-containing compound containing a nitrate ion (NO3-). Including ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate and the like.
1. Common features:
(1) White crystal, soluble in water, is a quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer.
(2) It is not easy to be adsorbed by soil colloid, and it is easy to be lost.
(3) Denitrification occurs under anaerobic conditions, and nitrogen loss such as N2 and N2O is generated.
(4) The hygroscopicity is large and the physical properties are poor.
(5) Explosive, flammable, safety measures should be taken during storage and transportation.
2. Commonly used nitrate nitrogen fertilizer:
(1) Ammonium nitrate: the molecular formula NH4NO3, containing N 33-34%. The aqueous fertilizer solution is weakly acidic; after being applied to the soil, both NH4+ and NO3- can be absorbed by the crop. Suitable for top dressing, not suitable for base fertilizer and seed fertilizer. Suitable for a variety of crops and soils. It should not be mixed with organic fertilizer when applied, which is easy to cause anaerobic conditions and nitrification; it is not suitable for paddy field application to avoid nitrate loss and denitrification loss of nitrogen.
(2) Sodium nitrate: also known as Chilean saltpeter, molecular formula NaNO3, containing N14-15%. The aqueous fertilizer solution is alkaline reaction, physiological alkaline fertilizer; suitable for top dressing, should be used in small amounts. When applied, cash crops, especially Na+ crops, such as radish, sugar beet, cruciferous crops, have better application effect, contain Na+, apply neutral and acidic soil, and are not suitable for application on saline-alkaline soil.
(3) Calcium nitrate: also known as Nortel saltpeter, molecular formula Ca(NO3)2, containing N13-15%. The aqueous fertilizer solution is weakly alkaline; it is extremely hygroscopic and should be stored in a dry and ventilated place; physiological alkaline fertilizer, containing Ca2+, can improve the physical properties of the soil; it is suitable for top dressing and can not be used as seed fertilizer. It is suitable for various soils, especially acidic soils lacking calcium, and is not suitable for application on paddy fields. In addition, it can be used as a top dressing to improve the yield, quality and storage performance of grapes, apples, tomatoes and other fruit trees and vegetables.
(3) Amide nitrogen fertilizer:
Urea: molecular formula CO(NH2)2, containing N44-46%. Solid fertilizer The highest quality nitrogen fertilizer, is a chemically synthesized organic small molecule compound. Soluble in water, the aqueous solution is neutral; it is easy to deliquesce under high temperature and humidity. Physiological neutral fertilizer, after being applied to the soil, is absorbed in a molecular state. Most of it is converted into (NH4)2CO3 by urease, and the fertilizer effect is slower than NH4+-N and NO3--N. - 5 days of application; no adverse reactions to the soil. Can be used as base fertilizer, top dressing, not recommended as seed fertilizer, most suitable for root dressing; suitable for all kinds of soils and crops, lime and alkaline soil application should be applied deep to prevent ammonia volatilization.
(4) Long-acting nitrogen fertilizer:
Also known as slow-acting or slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, controlled-effect nitrogen fertilizer, difficult to dissolve in water or difficult to be decomposed by microorganisms, slowly release nutrients in the soil.
1. Common points:
(1) The solubility is small, the rate of releasing nutrients is slow, and the loss of nitrogen leaching, volatilization, fixation and denitrification are reduced.
(2) The fertilizer effect is stable and long, and can meet the nitrogen supply of the whole growth period of the crop.
(3) It can be used in large quantities at one time, saving labor and effort.
2. Main types:
(1) Urea formaldehyde (code UF): organic long-acting nitrogen fertilizer, containing N32-38%, generally applied on sandy soil, can be used as base fertilizer, but must be applied with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage of annual growth. It is only used in park grasslands, ornamental plants and fruit trees.
(2) Urea isobutyraldehyde (code IBDU): organic long-acting nitrogen fertilizer, containing N31%, in the form of granules, not hygroscopic, insoluble in water. Applicable to all kinds of crops, generally used as base fertilizer, the utilization rate is twice as high as that of urea formaldehyde, but it must be combined with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage of crop growth; it is a good nitrogen source for rice.
(3) Oxalamide (code OA): organic long-acting nitrogen fertilizer containing N31.8%, in the form of granules, slightly soluble in water.
(4) Sulfur-coated urea (code-named SCU): coated fertilizer containing N34-35%, coated with sulfur on the surface of urea particles, coated with paraffin. The main components are 76% urea, 19% sulfur, 2% paraffin, 0.25% coal tar, and 1.5% kaolin. After being applied to the soil, the urea diffuses out through the pores in the sulfur coating. The United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom are more common in China.
(5) Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer coated ammonium bicarbonate: coated fertilizer, coated with a layer of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer on the surface of ammonium bicarbonate, containing N14~15%, P2O5 3~5%, 80% of which is effective phosphorus, the effect of paddy field use it is good.
(6) Long-acting urea: Urease inhibitor is added to urea, which has the same properties as urea. It is especially suitable for field cultivation and top dressing.
Second, the rational use of nitrogen fertilizer
1. Objective: To improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen use efficiency refers to the amount of nutrients absorbed by crops in nitrogen fertilizers as a percentage of nitrogen fertilizer applied after nitrogen fertilizer application. China's current dry land is 40~60%, and paddy fields are 30~45%, with an average of about 50%.
2. Nitrogen loss path: decomposition and volatilization of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, leaching and denitrification of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer.
3. Main measures to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer:
(1) Deep application of soil: increase the absorption of NH4+ to reduce volatilization, and ensure that the supply of plants can be applied for several days. The depth varies depending on the dosage, and less (75--112.5 kg per hectare) should be shallow, and more (300---375 kg per hectare) can be deep (12-15 cm). In the spring, the ridge is made into corn or sorghum, and once applied to the furrow, it can no longer be topdressed.
(2) Regulation of water: In a certain soil water content range, the utilization rate increases with the increase of water. When the topdressing is applied, the dry land can be adjusted by irrigation. If there is no irrigation, the lyrics can be seen; the paddy fields cannot be irrigated.
(3) Spheroidization or slow-acting of nitrogen fertilizer: Mix nitrogen fertilizer with decomposed farmyard manure or fertile fine soil, and process it into a spherical ball. The specific surface area of ​​the spherical fertilizer is reduced, the released nutrients are slower than the powder, the local concentration is high, and the fertilizer effect lasts for a long time. Pay attention to the dosage when applying. Can be used as base fertilizer or top dressing, deep application, should not be late.
(4) Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer combined with nitrification inhibitor: control of nitrification of ammonium nitrogen.
(5) Rational distribution and selection of fertilizers:
Fertilization according to crop characteristics: Because crops choose fertilizers, cereals, leafy vegetables, and green corn require more nitrogen. Soybeans also have more nitrogen, so a small amount of nitrogen can be used at the beginning; more varieties with fertilizer resistance, and vice versa; Some crops like NH4-N, and some like NO3-N.
Fertilization according to soil conditions: The fertilizer is selected for the soil, mainly PH. Nitrogen soil and alkaline soil should be applied NH4—N, and the application should be immediately applied to the soil and the physiological acid fertilizer should be selected; the paddy field should not be applied with NO3—N fertilizer; the saline-alkali soil should not be applied with fertilizer containing Na+ and Cl-.
Pay attention to balanced fertilization: promote the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic fertilizers. According to the fertilizer characteristics of crops and the nature of fertilizers, properly arrange base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and top dressing to achieve nutrient balance and improve the economic benefits of fertilizer.
(1) Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer:
A nitrogen-containing compound containing an ammonium ion (NH4+) or ammonia (NH3). Including ammonium hydrogencarbonate (NH4CO3), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), ammonia (NH4OH), liquid ammonia (NH3), and the like.
1. Common features:
(1) It is easily soluble in water and is a quick-acting nutrient. The crop can be directly absorbed and utilized, and the fertilizer effect is fast.
(2) NH4+ is adsorbed by soil colloid to form exchangeable nutrients, which has low mobility and is not easy to leaching.
(3) Loss of ammonia volatilization caused by decomposition of alkaline substances. When used, it can not be mixed with alkaline fertilizer; it can be prevented from volatilization during storage and transportation (sealing, use after bag opening);
(4) In the well-ventilated soil, nitrification is prone to form nitrate nitrogen.
(5) Fertilizer effect is slower than nitrate fertilizer, but it can be used as top dressing or base fertilizer.
2. Commonly used ammonium nitrogen fertilizer:
(1) Liquid ammonia: liquid ammonia gas, the composition is NH3, containing 82.3% of N, in a gaseous state at normal temperature and normal pressure, so it is stored in a pressure-resistant container. Chemically alkaline, with strong corrosion and irritation, do not touch the skin directly. Do base fertilizer, deep application, not suitable for topdressing and seed fertilizer. Anti-volatile.
(2) Ammonia: Molecular formula NH3·H2O, containing 12-17% nitrogen, liquid, volatile, irritating ammonia odor, chemically alkaline (pH greater than 10). Can be used as base fertilizer, top dressing, not suitable for seed fertilizer. After dilution, deep application and cover soil, adding adsorbent substances can prevent oxidation.
(3) Ammonium hydrogencarbonate: the molecular formula NH4HCO3, containing about 17% nitrogen. The aqueous fertilizer solution is alkaline; it is chemically unstable, easily decomposes and volatilizes and loses ammonia, is prone to deliquescence, agglomeration, and does not leave any auxiliary components. It is called "gas fertilizer". Can be used as base fertilizer, top dressing, not suitable for seed fertilizer. When fertilizing, do not leave the soil, and do not leave the water.
(4) Ammonium sulfate: the molecular formula NH4SO4, generally referred to as standard nitrogen fertilizer. Containing N 20 to 21%. The aqueous fertilizer solution is weakly acidic; it has good physical properties (non-hygroscopic, non-caking) and is a physiologically acidic fertilizer. The long-term application alone will acidify the soil. It is suitable for base fertilizer, top dressing and seed fertilizer, suitable for various crops, and the effect of applying sulfur crops is better. It should not be applied alone for a long time when applied, and the calcareous soil or paddy field should be applied deeply, and the paddy field should not be applied for a long time.
(5) Ammonium chloride: the molecular formula NH4Cl, containing N 24 to 25%. The aqueous fertilizer solution is weakly acidic; the physical properties are better, the hygroscopicity is slightly larger than ammonium sulfate, and it is a physiological acid fertilizer. Suitable for base fertilizer, top dressing, not suitable for seed fertilizer. Do not apply chlorine crops when applied, and rice fields can be applied for a long time.
(2) Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer:
A nitrogen-containing compound containing a nitrate ion (NO3-). Including ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate and the like.
1. Common features:
(1) White crystal, soluble in water, is a quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer.
(2) It is not easy to be adsorbed by soil colloid, and it is easy to be lost.
(3) Denitrification occurs under anaerobic conditions, and nitrogen loss such as N2 and N2O is generated.
(4) The hygroscopicity is large and the physical properties are poor.
(5) Explosive, flammable, safety measures should be taken during storage and transportation.
2. Commonly used nitrate nitrogen fertilizer:
(1) Ammonium nitrate: the molecular formula NH4NO3, containing N 33-34%. The aqueous fertilizer solution is weakly acidic; after being applied to the soil, both NH4+ and NO3- can be absorbed by the crop. Suitable for top dressing, not suitable for base fertilizer and seed fertilizer. Suitable for a variety of crops and soils. It should not be mixed with organic fertilizer when applied, which is easy to cause anaerobic conditions and nitrification; it is not suitable for paddy field application to avoid nitrate loss and denitrification loss of nitrogen.
(2) Sodium nitrate: also known as Chilean saltpeter, molecular formula NaNO3, containing N14-15%. The aqueous fertilizer solution is alkaline reaction, physiological alkaline fertilizer; suitable for top dressing, should be used in small amounts. When applied, cash crops, especially Na+ crops, such as radish, sugar beet, cruciferous crops, have better application effect, contain Na+, apply neutral and acidic soil, and are not suitable for application on saline-alkaline soil.
(3) Calcium nitrate: also known as Nortel saltpeter, molecular formula Ca(NO3)2, containing N13-15%. The aqueous fertilizer solution is weakly alkaline; it is extremely hygroscopic and should be stored in a dry and ventilated place; physiological alkaline fertilizer, containing Ca2+, can improve the physical properties of the soil; it is suitable for top dressing and can not be used as seed fertilizer. It is suitable for various soils, especially acidic soils lacking calcium, and is not suitable for application on paddy fields. In addition, it can be used as a top dressing to improve the yield, quality and storage performance of grapes, apples, tomatoes and other fruit trees and vegetables.
(3) Amide nitrogen fertilizer:
Urea: molecular formula CO(NH2)2, containing N44-46%. Solid fertilizer The highest quality nitrogen fertilizer, is a chemically synthesized organic small molecule compound. Soluble in water, the aqueous solution is neutral; it is easy to deliquesce under high temperature and humidity. Physiological neutral fertilizer, after being applied to the soil, is absorbed in a molecular state. Most of it is converted into (NH4)2CO3 by urease, and the fertilizer effect is slower than NH4+-N and NO3--N. - 5 days of application; no adverse reactions to the soil. Can be used as base fertilizer, top dressing, not recommended as seed fertilizer, most suitable for root dressing; suitable for all kinds of soils and crops, lime and alkaline soil application should be applied deep to prevent ammonia volatilization.
(4) Long-acting nitrogen fertilizer:
Also known as slow-acting or slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, controlled-effect nitrogen fertilizer, difficult to dissolve in water or difficult to be decomposed by microorganisms, slowly release nutrients in the soil.
1. Common points:
(1) The solubility is small, the rate of releasing nutrients is slow, and the loss of nitrogen leaching, volatilization, fixation and denitrification are reduced.
(2) The fertilizer effect is stable and long, and can meet the nitrogen supply of the whole growth period of the crop.
(3) It can be used in large quantities at one time, saving labor and effort.
2. Main types:
(1) Urea formaldehyde (code UF): organic long-acting nitrogen fertilizer, containing N32-38%, generally applied on sandy soil, can be used as base fertilizer, but must be applied with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage of annual growth. It is only used in park grasslands, ornamental plants and fruit trees.
(2) Urea isobutyraldehyde (code IBDU): organic long-acting nitrogen fertilizer, containing N31%, in the form of granules, not hygroscopic, insoluble in water. Applicable to all kinds of crops, generally used as base fertilizer, the utilization rate is twice as high as that of urea formaldehyde, but it must be combined with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage of crop growth; it is a good nitrogen source for rice.
(3) Oxalamide (code OA): organic long-acting nitrogen fertilizer containing N31.8%, in the form of granules, slightly soluble in water.
(4) Sulfur-coated urea (code-named SCU): coated fertilizer containing N34-35%, coated with sulfur on the surface of urea particles, coated with paraffin. The main components are 76% urea, 19% sulfur, 2% paraffin, 0.25% coal tar, and 1.5% kaolin. After being applied to the soil, the urea diffuses out through the pores in the sulfur coating. The United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom are more common in China.
(5) Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer coated ammonium bicarbonate: coated fertilizer, coated with a layer of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer on the surface of ammonium bicarbonate, containing N14~15%, P2O5 3~5%, 80% of which is effective phosphorus, the effect of paddy field use it is good.
(6) Long-acting urea: Urease inhibitor is added to urea, which has the same properties as urea. It is especially suitable for field cultivation and top dressing.
Second, the rational use of nitrogen fertilizer
1. Objective: To improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen use efficiency refers to the amount of nutrients absorbed by crops in nitrogen fertilizers as a percentage of nitrogen fertilizer applied after nitrogen fertilizer application. China's current dry land is 40~60%, and paddy fields are 30~45%, with an average of about 50%.
2. Nitrogen loss path: decomposition and volatilization of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, leaching and denitrification of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer.
3. Main measures to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer:
(1) Deep application of soil: increase the absorption of NH4+ to reduce volatilization, and ensure that the supply of plants can be applied for several days. The depth varies depending on the dosage, and less (75--112.5 kg per hectare) should be shallow, and more (300---375 kg per hectare) can be deep (12-15 cm). In the spring, the ridge is made into corn or sorghum, and once applied to the furrow, it can no longer be topdressed.
(2) Regulation of water: In a certain soil water content range, the utilization rate increases with the increase of water. When the topdressing is applied, the dry land can be adjusted by irrigation. If there is no irrigation, the lyrics can be seen; the paddy fields cannot be irrigated.
(3) Spheroidization or slow-acting of nitrogen fertilizer: Mix nitrogen fertilizer with decomposed farmyard manure or fertile fine soil, and process it into a spherical ball. The specific surface area of ​​the spherical fertilizer is reduced, the released nutrients are slower than the powder, the local concentration is high, and the fertilizer effect lasts for a long time. Pay attention to the dosage when applying. Can be used as base fertilizer or top dressing, deep application, should not be late.
(4) Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer combined with nitrification inhibitor: control of nitrification of ammonium nitrogen.
(5) Rational distribution and selection of fertilizers:
Fertilization according to crop characteristics: Because crops choose fertilizers, cereals, leafy vegetables, and green corn require more nitrogen. Soybeans also have more nitrogen, so a small amount of nitrogen can be used at the beginning; more varieties with fertilizer resistance, and vice versa; Some crops like NH4-N, and some like NO3-N.
Fertilization according to soil conditions: The fertilizer is selected for the soil, mainly PH. Nitrogen soil and alkaline soil should be applied NH4—N, and the application should be immediately applied to the soil and the physiological acid fertilizer should be selected; the paddy field should not be applied with NO3—N fertilizer; the saline-alkali soil should not be applied with fertilizer containing Na+ and Cl-.
Pay attention to balanced fertilization: promote the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic fertilizers. According to the fertilizer characteristics of crops and the nature of fertilizers, properly arrange base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and top dressing to achieve nutrient balance and improve the economic benefits of fertilizer.
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