Judging according to the characteristics of ceramics and glaze in each period:
In general, the age and kiln mouth can be seen from the temperament and glaze color. For example, the glazed porcelain of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, which was 4,000 years ago, is also called the original celadon. It is the low-grade stage of celadon. Its tires are grayish white and taupe. The tires are hard and have a high degree of porcelain. The glaze is green and glazed. The layer is thin and the thickness is uneven. This is because the glazing method was used for glazing.
Another example is that the glaze color of the fifth generation is azure. According to the legend, after the Five Dynasties, Zhou Chai Shizong said that the rain had passed through the clear sky. He said to the officials who asked him to use the porcelain enamel color: "The rain has passed through the azure cloud, and this color is for the future." Therefore, the five generations of porcelain glaze will be appointed. It is azure. This kind of glaze is glazed, the glaze is thin, and the blue is flashing with a hint of blue.
Another example is the plum glaze of the Longquan kiln in the Song Dynasty. This is the best color of Longquan in the Song Dynasty, and it is the masterpiece in the green glaze. Its color is comparable to that of high-end jade. The glaze layer is thick, the glaze is bright, the degree of vitrification is high, the glazed surface is not open, and the texture is as jade, and its color is similar to the "plum" growing in the plum tree.
The glaze of Jiangxi porcelain in Yongle, Xuande and Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty has its own characteristics. In the Yongle period, white glaze is the most famous, enamel is thick, moist like a pile of fat, pure white like jade, glazed surface is pure and crystal clear; the color of the tire is pure white, the tire quality is fine, and there is uneven thickness. If you look at the light, you can see that the glaze has a tendency of pink, flesh red or shrimp red. This feature is not found in other porcelains.
During the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty, although it was close to the time of Ming Yongle, the porcelain glaze was very different. The same utensil, Yongle tire thick, Xuande tire thin. At the end of Xuande, there are many glazes at the bottom of the large-sized sputum. There are often red spots at the exposed tires, commonly known as "Flint Red Spots" and rust spots. The imitation of Xuande porcelain in Emperor Kangxi and Yongzheng of Qing Dynasty did not have this feature.
In the Qing Dynasty, the glaze of porcelain in Kangxi, the white color of the tires, the pure quality of the tires, the fine and hard, compared with the same utensils of the dynasties, its carcass is the heaviest. In addition, the same piece of this period, often applied two kinds of white glaze, the inside of the mouth, the edge of the edge, the outer sole of the device is applied with white glaze, the glaze is thinner, often sees a small shrinkage glaze; The spin marks in the middle. The body is glazed with green glaze, and its glaze is radiant and bright, and the glaze is extremely tight. Two pieces of glaze were applied to a piece of utensils, which was the most characteristic of the porcelain produced during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty.
Mastering the main characteristics of ceramic porcelain and color glaze is the reliable basis for identifying the age of ancient ceramics and the kiln mouth.
Judging from the ornamentation of various dynasty ceramics:
Identification of ceramics, in addition to the fetal bone and glaze of the utensils, the identification of the ornamentation is also very important. The ornamentation on porcelain is like a person's crown, which has obvious nationality and time. Don't ignore it when we identify ancient ceramics.
There are many kinds of ancient Chinese ceramics, but they can be divided into four categories: people, animals, plants and decorations.
The ornamentation itself has its era, and it is a reflection of the social culture at that time. For example, in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, during the Zhengde period, Taoism, Buddhism, and Islam were widely developed in society. Therefore, there were patterns such as the Eight Immortals, the Eight Treasures, the Emperor Zhenwu, the Huafu verses, the writing verses, and the pilgrimages of the immortals. Another example is that Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty absorbed the lessons of Ming Dynasty and attached great importance to "Shangwu" and "Xiwen". Therefore, in the porcelain pattern, there are various knives and horses in the "Shangwu" aspect and the appearance of the hunting and hunting maps; in the "Xiwen" aspect, a large number of poems are written on the porcelain, and the characters are decorated as patterns.
When it comes to the identification of patterns, it is necessary to master different patterns of techniques for different eras. For example, our most common moiré, Yuan, Ming and Qing have different "clouds". As long as we study carefully, it is not difficult to find that each period has its own specific drawing method.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the moiré can be divided into two types:
The first type, the body is painted like a head, more asymmetrical, small side, small, the front part of the tail is large, the second half is slender, the whole shape is like a big head and a small pimple swimming.
The second one also draws an asymmetry like a head, dragging a long tail, and the front part of the tail grows two small heads, the tail of which resembles the root of the germinated seed, and the two small heads under the head are like two The leaflet holds a blooming flower.
However, in the Ming Dynasty, the cloud of the Xuande period changed, although it was also painted as the body, but the streamers on the body increased; some floated out under the clouds, and some floated on the left and right sides of the cloud head and the tail. Cloud belts, some of them are still growing in the head of the cloud in the painting method of the former; the painted heads are plump and fat, and the ribbons are long and varied. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, during the Chenghua years, the wishful clouds and long ribbons were twice as long as the length of the wishful cloud head. The streamers in the tail also had small clouds that increased and stood out, and the band shape changed in the early stage. The cloud head was also toothy. Animal face.
In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Wanli of the Wanli period had three forms: (1) a cloud with a streamer, a streamlined bold, and a cloud head shrinking. (2) Pulling the cloud head into a long cloud, the cloud has no head and no tail, and the painting is simple. (3) Paint a picture of the head of the cloud, the body painted a number of streamers, regardless of head and tail. In the early Qing Dynasty, during the Yongzheng period, the head of the cloud was elongated, and the left and right streamers were short and fat, forming a shape of a water chestnut. The original cloud head was gone, and the streamers at the top, the left and right sides, and the tail of the cloud head became cloud heads. After the development of the Qianlong period, the cloud head is not one, but several connected together to form a "string of clouds." The cloud head of the cloud is written as "bull-shaped", and the streamer at the end is like a beard, or the wishful cloud head is elongated, into an "S" shape, or dragged to the tail.
In the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the art of Duoyun painting was the highest, giving people the enjoyment of beauty. In short, when we identify ceramic ornamentation, we must understand its nationality and the particularity of the times, so that we can correctly determine the age of each piece of ceramics.
Judging from the shape of the ceramics of various dynasties:
Ceramic identification, modeling is an important basis. It has obvious times and directly reflects the aesthetics of people in different social periods.
The rice bowl is an indispensable utensil in our daily life, and most people may not pay much attention to it. In fact, its shape is constantly changing with the development of society. The rice bowl of the Tang Dynasty is generally deep abdomen, straight mouth, solid feet, thick tires, and weight. The bowl of the Ming Dynasty, the mouth outside the mouth, the belly is deep and plump, the circle is high, giving people a sense of stability. After entering the Qing Dynasty, especially in the Kangxi period, the bowl was smashed outside, but the curvature was not large in the Ming Dynasty, but the belly was deep but thin and the circle became short. After the Yongzheng, the bottom of the circle was changed to the lower part of the Ming Dynasty and changed to a circular shape (commonly known as "muddy back").
Another example is the common plum bottle with small mouth, shoulders and feet, which also changes with different times. The shape of the plum bottle in the Song Dynasty is a small mouth, short neck, shoulders are particularly rich, the body is slender, and the feet are full, giving people a sense of simplicity and beauty. In the Yuan Dynasty, the small mouth of the Song Dynasty was changed to a plate lip, and the short neck was raised. The straight neck was changed to a trumpet shape, the lower body was bold, and the body shape became larger. In the early Ming Dynasty, the mouth was changed to a curled lip, shoulders were thick and oblique, and the lower body was slightly fat. It changed the shape of the Song Dynasty and developed it smoothly and practically. This is the most beautiful period of plum bottle shape. It was developed into the Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty. It was designed in the early Ming Dynasty, but its mouth was often slightly higher than that of the Ming Dynasty. It was like a certain arc in the neck, and it was not as good as it was in the early Ming Dynasty. During this period, the plum bottle, although the shoulders are thick, but the upper part of the shoulder is not flat or oblique, the lower body is thicker, the shape is dull, and the line is beautiful. In the late Qing Dynasty, its shape was more rigid and rougher, and the value of art appreciation was even worse.
The pen holder is one of the four treasures of the study. The pen holder of Shunzhi was high in shape, unglazed at the bottom, and thick and weight. During the Kangxi period, the body shape was slightly reduced. At this time, the pen tire wall was moderate, and there was a small circle in the center of the bottom, which was covered with white glaze. The concave circle was flat, and a white glaze was applied to the outside, and the inner side was unglazed. This bottom shape looks like a jade wall type, so it is called "wall foot". However, after the Yongzheng and Qianlong, the pen holder became slightly wider and the sidewall was slightly thinner. The bottom was also changed from “flat bottom†and “wall foot†to “circle footâ€.
Different shapes, with the imprint of a distinct era. Therefore, it is very important to know and memorize the shape of the objects of each era. For example, pick up a "chicken head pot", we should know that this pot is the product of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Speaking of "Palace Bowl", you should know that it is a style of Ming Zhengde's products. If it is "Kuan Yin Zun", "stick bottle", "flower", "Taibai tank", "Lancen bottle", etc., these should be the artifacts produced during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, the type is very important for the identification of ancient ceramics.
Judging from the experience of ceramics of the past generations:
The money is also called the year, in the middle of the bottom of a porcelain utensil, in the heart of the vessel, in the middle of the body or in the mouth, etc., writing the year number of the emperor, such as "Da Ming Chenghuan system", to indicate Yearbook. Some of these annual models are specially made for the court, called "official kiln"; some are burned by the people, called "people kiln". In addition to remembering the year, there are also the name of the temple (such as the body and the temple), the name of the hall (such as Zhonghetang, which is the palace where Emperor Kangxi lived in Yuanmingyuan), Qi Ming, Xuan Ming, praise, and lucky. , pottery models, support funds, dry money (such as Kangxi Xinhai Zhonghetang system), pattern models (such as white rabbits, Pisces, folding flowers, etc.), and so on. These are called identities and are objects that are produced by a certain dynasty. The identification of the identification is an important part of the identification of ancient ceramics.
The earliest known knowledge of ceramics is known as the pottery of the late Neolithic period. The inscriptions and emblems on the Shang and Zhou Bronze (Information Forum) have been popular, but there are official models on the pottery, which can definitely be the "王" on the Qin Dynasty pottery unearthed in Xianyang, Shaanxi. Some time ago, Guangzhou Zhongshan Road discovered a Qin and Han ruins. It was found that there was a pottery with the word "official"; in the tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Sanyuanli, "room" was also found.
The money for porcelain is generally related to the official. From the Five Dynasties to the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the northern white porcelain often had the engravings of "official" and "new official"; in the porcelain of the Song Dynasty, there were also "Daguan" and "Zhenghe" with the name of the country; in the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen Porcelain often has the characteristics of “shufu†and “tooâ€. These are the old years related to the official porcelain.
From the founding of the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 500 years and 27 emperors. The porcelain of this period generally wrote the emperor's year number. For these years, we can find out its regularity and particularity when we identify it. The Ming and Qing dynasties have the most money, but there are also a lot of fakes. Therefore, in the identification, we must make more comparisons, pay attention to the fonts, styles, and characteristics of each stroke of each dynasty, so that we can accurately judge the authenticity.
The Ming and Qing Dynasties have a certain regularity. Most of the yearbooks are written with the year number of the country and the emperor. For example, "Da Ming Xuande Year System" and "Daqing Kangxi Year System", etc., only "Longqing" wrote "Year of the Year" instead of "Year System". The earliest writings in the Ming Dynasty began with Yongle, but its essays only wrote the four-character script of the "Yongle Year System". "Da Ming Yongle Year System" and "Yongle Year System" have never had a book, and if it is, it is a fake.
The year from Ming Xuande to Qing Emperor Kangxi is a six-character book. However, there are six-character and four-character models (that is, “Da Qingzheng Zhengnian System†and “Yu Zhengnian Systemâ€). At the time of Qianlong’s experience, the book was popular, and the number of books was gradually reduced. The Jiaqing and Daoguang dynasties are mainly based on the Shu. However, from Xianfeng to Xuantong for three years, these four dynasties have resumed their writings, and the money is no longer used. This is the regularity of the Ming and Qing dynasties. For example, when writing in Tongzhi, it should be a script, and when we found out that a piece of Tongzhi porcelain was written, it should be a few questions on the authenticity of this piece.
In the identification of ancient ceramics, in addition to paying attention to the laws, styles and characteristics of each of the writings, it is also necessary to pay attention to the color of each writing. The pigments used in different dynasties are different, and their coloration is different. Taking blue and white porcelain as an example, the blue and white models from the Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty saw the color sinking under the magnifying glass, and there were small uniform small bubbles around them. The imitations in the late Qing Dynasty did not have this feature.
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