The amount of potassium required by crops is often higher than that of nitrogen and phosphorus. The potassium absorbed by the crops comes from the soil and the applied potash. Before the 1970s, there was basically no supply of chemical potassium fertilizer in China. The balance of potassium in farmland soil was maintained by the natural supply of farmyard manure and soil potassium. Because the previous multiple cropping index and yield are not high, the crop absorbs less potassium per year, thus maintaining the balance of potassium. With the rapid development of agriculture, the expenditure of potassium in the soil is increasing, and there is a serious imbalance.
In order to investigate the supply of potassium in farmland, the soil and fertilizer research of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences is the main line of research, with “soil-crop-fertilizer†as the overall system, using nutrient resources, ecological balance theory and advanced recommended fertilization at home and abroad. The method and technology have studied the characteristics of potassium resources in sustainable agriculture development and high-efficiency economic utilization from different levels and different aspects, and made breakthrough progress, which provided strong support for the advancement of soil testing and formula fertilization.
The Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences collected more than 1000 soil samples in the province. The experimental analysis found that the soil potassium resources have undergone major changes, and the soil available potassium content averaged 102.6 mg/kg, which was the second in 1985. The results of the secondary soil survey decreased by 30.4 mg/kg, a decrease of 22.8%. Among them, Shajiang black soil and fluvo-aquic soils have the largest decline. The soil slow-acting potassium content averaged 863 mg/kg, which was 55 mg/kg lower than that of 1980-1982, with a decrease of 6.0%. The total potassium content of the soil was 17.2 g/kg, with a decrease of 10.4%, both of which were significantly lower than the decrease of available potassium, indicating that the soil has a higher potassium supply potential. Shajiang black soil, clay soil and red clay have the strongest ability to fix potassium in different soil types.
Before 1978, the potassium input was based on organic fertilizer, and then the chemical potassium fertilizer was the main input. By 1997, the chemical fertilizer potassium fertilizer had accounted for 41.9% of the total potassium application. However, in the total amount of fertilizer, the proportion of potash is still not high, accounting for 9.9% of total fertilizer. Henan Province has abundant organic fertilizer resources, but the quantity is large, but the utilization rate is not high. The potential for excavating potassium resources in organic fertilizer is great.
The farmland nutrient balance survey and long-term location monitoring research show that the potassium in farmland ecosystem in Henan has been deficient. From 1991 to 1997, the average potassium return rate of the province was about 53.3%, and the annual deficit per acre was 5.5kg. Under the condition of no organic fertilizer, the yellow fluvo-agricultural wheat-maize rotation system requires at least 18kg K2O per mu per year, and 13.3kg K2O for the Shajiang black soil wheat-soybean rotation system to maintain the potassium balance. The yellow-brown soil wheat-maize rotation orientation indicates that the potassium balance can be basically maintained as long as the quality of the applied organic fertilizer is high.
In addition, through investigation and experiment, the relationship between soil potassium release rate and non-exchangeable potassium release rate and soil potassium supply capacity was also clarified, and the evaluation method of soil potassium supply capacity was improved, which affirmed the importance of mineral potassium to soil long-term potassium supply capacity. The contribution reveals the intrinsic link and difference between the soil's ability to adsorb potassium and the ability to fix. It has important reference value for the evaluation of soil potassium status in northern China and the rational distribution and application of potassium fertilizer.
The potash fertilizer efficiency of Henan Province has experienced three stages of ineffective-micro-effectiveness-effectiveness, and each stage takes about 10 years.
From the perspective of crop types, the effect of vegetable crops> economic crops> food crops; from the soil category, Shajiang black soil> fluvo-aquic soil> cinnamon soil. The potassium uptake capacity of different crop types is quite different, and oil crops require more potassium than food crops. There are also some differences in the absorption and utilization efficiency of potassium between different wheat lines.
On the basis of investigation and research, the Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences used the fertilizer effect function method to recommend potassium fertilizer for wheat and corn, and obtained the optimal potassium application under different soil conditions. Among them, the potassium is distributed under the wheat-maize rotation system, and the effect of applying the bottom to wheat or wheat and corn at one time is similar; while the wheat-soybean rotation system is applied to the wheat at one time. From the different application periods of single-season crops, summer soybeans should be applied at one time, while winter wheat and summer corn have no significant difference between bottom and bottom.
According to the characteristics of potassium nutrient resources and recommended potassium application techniques, the potash effect of different crops on different soil types, combined with the regional planning of Henan Province, the rational use of potash fertilizer was divided into five districts and 12 sub-regions for recommended application. Potassium. It has been widely promoted in production. In the past six years, it has demonstrated and promoted 21.9 million mu in 27 counties and cities in the province, with an increase in grain, cotton and oil production of 98.55 million kg and a net increase of 422.98 million yuan.
The test proved that after the application of potassium fertilizer, the utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer increased by 5.6%-9.7%, which reduced the pollution of groundwater by nitrogen fertilizer and improved the quality of crops. At the same time, a group of farmer technicians and model households were trained in the localization process, which enabled the farmers in the promotion area to have a new understanding of soil testing and formula fertilization, which laid a mass foundation for the implementation of this scientific fertilization method.
Source: Farmers Daily Author: Sun Kegang
In order to investigate the supply of potassium in farmland, the soil and fertilizer research of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences is the main line of research, with “soil-crop-fertilizer†as the overall system, using nutrient resources, ecological balance theory and advanced recommended fertilization at home and abroad. The method and technology have studied the characteristics of potassium resources in sustainable agriculture development and high-efficiency economic utilization from different levels and different aspects, and made breakthrough progress, which provided strong support for the advancement of soil testing and formula fertilization.
The Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences collected more than 1000 soil samples in the province. The experimental analysis found that the soil potassium resources have undergone major changes, and the soil available potassium content averaged 102.6 mg/kg, which was the second in 1985. The results of the secondary soil survey decreased by 30.4 mg/kg, a decrease of 22.8%. Among them, Shajiang black soil and fluvo-aquic soils have the largest decline. The soil slow-acting potassium content averaged 863 mg/kg, which was 55 mg/kg lower than that of 1980-1982, with a decrease of 6.0%. The total potassium content of the soil was 17.2 g/kg, with a decrease of 10.4%, both of which were significantly lower than the decrease of available potassium, indicating that the soil has a higher potassium supply potential. Shajiang black soil, clay soil and red clay have the strongest ability to fix potassium in different soil types.
Before 1978, the potassium input was based on organic fertilizer, and then the chemical potassium fertilizer was the main input. By 1997, the chemical fertilizer potassium fertilizer had accounted for 41.9% of the total potassium application. However, in the total amount of fertilizer, the proportion of potash is still not high, accounting for 9.9% of total fertilizer. Henan Province has abundant organic fertilizer resources, but the quantity is large, but the utilization rate is not high. The potential for excavating potassium resources in organic fertilizer is great.
The farmland nutrient balance survey and long-term location monitoring research show that the potassium in farmland ecosystem in Henan has been deficient. From 1991 to 1997, the average potassium return rate of the province was about 53.3%, and the annual deficit per acre was 5.5kg. Under the condition of no organic fertilizer, the yellow fluvo-agricultural wheat-maize rotation system requires at least 18kg K2O per mu per year, and 13.3kg K2O for the Shajiang black soil wheat-soybean rotation system to maintain the potassium balance. The yellow-brown soil wheat-maize rotation orientation indicates that the potassium balance can be basically maintained as long as the quality of the applied organic fertilizer is high.
In addition, through investigation and experiment, the relationship between soil potassium release rate and non-exchangeable potassium release rate and soil potassium supply capacity was also clarified, and the evaluation method of soil potassium supply capacity was improved, which affirmed the importance of mineral potassium to soil long-term potassium supply capacity. The contribution reveals the intrinsic link and difference between the soil's ability to adsorb potassium and the ability to fix. It has important reference value for the evaluation of soil potassium status in northern China and the rational distribution and application of potassium fertilizer.
The potash fertilizer efficiency of Henan Province has experienced three stages of ineffective-micro-effectiveness-effectiveness, and each stage takes about 10 years.
From the perspective of crop types, the effect of vegetable crops> economic crops> food crops; from the soil category, Shajiang black soil> fluvo-aquic soil> cinnamon soil. The potassium uptake capacity of different crop types is quite different, and oil crops require more potassium than food crops. There are also some differences in the absorption and utilization efficiency of potassium between different wheat lines.
On the basis of investigation and research, the Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences used the fertilizer effect function method to recommend potassium fertilizer for wheat and corn, and obtained the optimal potassium application under different soil conditions. Among them, the potassium is distributed under the wheat-maize rotation system, and the effect of applying the bottom to wheat or wheat and corn at one time is similar; while the wheat-soybean rotation system is applied to the wheat at one time. From the different application periods of single-season crops, summer soybeans should be applied at one time, while winter wheat and summer corn have no significant difference between bottom and bottom.
According to the characteristics of potassium nutrient resources and recommended potassium application techniques, the potash effect of different crops on different soil types, combined with the regional planning of Henan Province, the rational use of potash fertilizer was divided into five districts and 12 sub-regions for recommended application. Potassium. It has been widely promoted in production. In the past six years, it has demonstrated and promoted 21.9 million mu in 27 counties and cities in the province, with an increase in grain, cotton and oil production of 98.55 million kg and a net increase of 422.98 million yuan.
The test proved that after the application of potassium fertilizer, the utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer increased by 5.6%-9.7%, which reduced the pollution of groundwater by nitrogen fertilizer and improved the quality of crops. At the same time, a group of farmer technicians and model households were trained in the localization process, which enabled the farmers in the promotion area to have a new understanding of soil testing and formula fertilization, which laid a mass foundation for the implementation of this scientific fertilization method.
Source: Farmers Daily Author: Sun Kegang
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