CNC tools are tools used in machining in machining, also known as cutting tools. The generalized cutting tools include both tools and grinding tools. In addition to the cutting blades, the “CNC tools†also include accessories such as tool holders and holders!
The development of CNC tools plays an important role in the history of human progress. As early as 28 BC to 20 BC, copper knives such as cones, drills, and knives of brass cones and copper had appeared. In the late Warring States period (3rd century BC), copper cutters were made due to the mastery of carburizing technology. The drill bits and saws at the time were somewhat similar to modern flat drills and saws.
However, the rapid development of CNC tools was developed in the late 18th century with the development of machines such as steam engines. In 1783, France's Rene first produced a milling cutter. In 1792, the British Mozley made taps and dies. The earliest literature on the invention of twist drills was recorded in 1822, but it was not produced until 1864.
The tool at that time was made of integral high carbon tool steel with a cutting speed of about 5 m/min. In 1868, the British Mussett made alloy tool steel containing tungsten. In 1898, Taylor and the United States. White invented high speed steel. In 1923, Schletel of Germany invented cemented carbide.
When using alloy tool steel, the cutting speed of the CNC tool is increased to about 8 m/min, and when using high-speed steel, it is more than doubled. When using hard alloy, it is more than twice as high as that of high-speed steel. The surface quality and dimensional accuracy of the workpiece are also greatly improved.
Due to the high price of high speed steel and hard alloy, CNC tools have welded and mechanically clamped structures. Between 1949 and 1950, the United States began to use indexable inserts on turning tools, and soon applied to milling cutters and other CNC tools. In 1938, the German company Degussa obtained a patent on ceramic CNC tools. In 1972, General Electric Company of the United States produced polycrystalline synthetic diamond and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride inserts. These non-metallic tool materials allow the tool to cut at higher speeds.
In 1969, the Swedish Sandvik Steel Plant patented the production of titanium carbide coated carbide inserts by chemical vapor deposition. In 1972, Bangsa and Lagrange in the United States developed physical vapor deposition to coat hard surfaces of titanium carbide or titanium nitride on the surface of cemented carbide or high speed steel tools. The surface coating method combines the high strength and toughness of the base material with the high hardness and wear resistance of the surface layer, so that the composite material has better cutting performance.
CNC tools can be divided into five categories according to the form of the workpiece surface. CNC tools for machining various external surfaces, including turning tools, planing knives, milling cutters, outer surface broaches and boring tools, etc.; hole machining tools, including drill bits, reaming drills, alloy tool boring tools, reamers and internal surface broaches, etc. Thread processing tools, including taps, dies, automatic opening and closing thread cutting heads, thread turning tools and thread milling cutters; gear processing tools, including hobs, gear shaping cutters, shaving cutters, bevel gear machining tools, etc.; cutting tools Including insert circular saw blades, band saws, hacksaws, cutting tools and saw blades, and so on. In addition, there are combined CNC tools.
According to the cutting motion mode and the corresponding blade shape, CNC tools can be divided into three categories. General-purpose CNC tools, such as turning tools, planing knives, milling cutters (excluding formed turning tools, forming planers and forming cutters), boring tools, drill bits, alloy tool reaming drills, reamers and saws; forming CNC tools, this The cutting edge of the tool has the same or nearly the same shape as the workpiece to be machined, such as forming turning tools, forming planers, forming cutters, broaches, cone reamers and various threading tools; Forming the tooth surface of a gear or similar workpiece, such as a hob, a pinion cutter, a shaver, a bevel gear planer, and a bevel gear milling cutter.
The structure of various CNC tools consists of a clamping part and a working part. The clamping part and the working part of the integral structure CNC tool are made on the body; the working part (knife or blade) of the insert structure tool is mounted on the body.
The clamping part of the CNC tool has two types of holes and handles. The perforated NC tool is placed on the spindle or mandrel of the machine tool by means of the inner hole, and the torsional moment is transmitted by means of the axial key or the end face key, such as a cylindrical milling cutter, a sleeve face milling cutter and the like.
CNC tools with handles usually have three kinds of rectangular handles, cylindrical handles and tapered handles. Turning tools, planing knives, etc. are generally rectangular shanks; taper shanks are subjected to axial thrust by taper and transmit torque by friction; cylindrical shanks are generally suitable for smaller CNC tools such as twist drills, end mills, etc. The friction generated produces a torsional moment. Many shank NC tool shanks are made of low-alloy steel, while the working part is made of high-speed steel to butt weld the two parts.
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