The 20th century is a historical period of the development of tool materials - the emergence and application of various difficult-to-machine materials, the development and implementation of advanced manufacturing systems, high-speed cutting, ultra-precision machining, green manufacturing, and new requirements for tools. The variety, type, quantity and performance of the tools have grown considerably over the past. In turn, the innovation of tool technology has pushed the machinery manufacturing industry to take off again and again.
In the 21st century, tool materials will have a great development. The tool material and the workpiece alternately develop and promote each other, which becomes the historical law of the continuous development of cutting technology. In the future, tool materials will face more severe challenges in the improvement of workpiece material properties, processing batches and manufacturing precision. The advancement of materials science has promoted the development of tool materials; while the development of tool materials, the constraints of raw material resources should be considered. The emergence of new varieties, the changes in the proportion of new and old varieties, and the pattern of competition and complementarity between them will become new features in the development of tool materials in the future.
Material resources are not "inexhaustible"
Throughout the various tool materials, in addition to the raw material of synthetic diamond is graphite (carbon), other varieties are inseparable from carbides, nitrides, oxides and borides. In modern knives, carbides are used the most. Among the components of the tool material, the amount of Fe3C, WC, TiC, Mo2C, TiN, Al2O3, Si3N4, etc. is the largest, and metal Co is also required. In the development of various new tool materials, the main considerations are mechanical and physical properties and the need to adapt to the machining of the workpiece and the matching of the tool material with the workpiece material. For a long time, people ignored the storage of resources.
Both high-speed steel and cemented carbide use W and Co as the main raw materials, which are expensive. China's rich W and less Co, and W resources in addition to domestic use, but also a large number of exports, today's global use of about 75 to 80% of W from China, but China's W resources only enough for 50 years. The Co used in China is mainly purchased abroad, which is expensive, and the storage of Co resources in the world is also limited. This warns us that we must fully consider how to save valuable resources when developing new tool materials. Some tool material components, such as Al2O3, Sl2O3, Si3N4, TiC, etc., although rich in reserves, have to pay for the process and manufacturing costs, so the price is also very high.
Modern new materials and their application prospect 1. <br> <br> in modern high-speed steel cutting, the performance of high-speed steel has not advanced enough, but because of its good stability, acceptable molding process, the total consumption in the tool material Medium and high speed steel tools still account for 40%. The conventional ordinary high-speed steel is represented by a tungsten-based Wl8Cr4V and a tungsten-molybdenum-based W6Mo5Cr4V2. In all high speed steels, the chromium content is maintained at 3.5 to 4.5%, which is the main element for increasing the hardenability of high speed steel. If the classification of vanadium content is increased, the wear resistance of the steel will increase, but the tool will be difficult to undergo sharpening and the brittleness will increase. Aluminum can form AL2O3 and AlN in steel; it acts as a pinning to prevent dislocations, thereby increasing the hardness and strength of the material.
After the addition of cobalt element, super hard high-speed steel can be formed, and cobalt does not form carbide, but can improve the quenching temperature, enhance the secondary hardening effect, and improve the high temperature hardness. China lacks cobalt resources and is expensive in cobalt. Therefore, ultra-hard high-speed steels with no cobalt or less cobalt have been developed - their performance can reach the level of M42. It can be said that China has made great contributions to the development of cobalt-free and cobalt-free super-hard high-speed steel. It is worth mentioning that the use of powder metallurgy to manufacture high-speed steel can reduce harmful impurities, eliminate carbide segregation, and improve the hardness and toughness of steel. The shear performance of powder high-speed steel is better than that of smelting high-speed steel, and domestic technology is also mastered.
In the future, China should develop and use high-performance tungsten-molybdenum or molybdenum-tungsten high-speed steel, and use tungsten-based high-speed steel to save W; develop and use cobalt-free and cobalt-free super-hard (high-performance) high-speed steel, try not to be high Cobalt high speed steel (eg M42, HSP-15).
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