Clean Coal Utilization Technology is the Development Direction of Coal Chemical Industry in the 21st Century

The development of scientific and technological information and the utilization of economic coal cleanliness are the development direction of coal chemical industry in the 21st century, and the key technologies are discussed.

1 The history of development of coal chemical industry Coal and coal chemical industry is an ancient historical issue. In addition to being directly used as fuel, coal can also produce many useful chemicals through various channels. For example, if the coal is subjected to a thousand distillation, important chemical raw materials such as benzene, toluene, phenol, pyridine, quinoline, naphthalene and carbazole can be separated; through the liquefaction of coal, artificial petroleum can be obtained; coal is gasified into gas, It can be used not only as a fuel but also as a raw material for synthetic ammonia, synthetic methanol, and synthetic liquid fuels. This industry that uses coal as raw material to produce chemical products is referred to as coal chemical industry. Coal chemical industry began in the second half of the 18th century and formed a complete industrial system in the 19th century.

In the 20th century, many organic chemicals that used agricultural products as raw materials were mostly converted to coal for production. Coal chemical industry became an important part of the chemical industry. The traditional coal chemical industry adopts a process route based on coal carbonization and thousand-distillation, and recovers a series of chemical products from the gas, liquid, and solid products obtained from coal carbonization. After the Second World War, petrochemicals developed rapidly. Many chemical production was shifted from coal to raw materials based on oil and natural gas, thereby weakening the position of coal chemical industry in the chemical industry. The traditional coal chemical industry was seriously affected. Impact. After the 1970s, especially when it entered the 1990s, oil prices rose sharply, and coal chemical industry began to develop at a faster rate. According to relevant reports, the world's "fossil fuels" proved recoverable reserves, coal accounts for about 74%, while oil accounts for 12%, and natural gas accounts for about 10%. Therefore, from a resource perspective, coal will still be the main raw material for potential chemical products. Coal chemical industry will play an increasingly important role in the national economy.

2 Development status of coal chemical industry Foreign coal chemical industry is mainly coal coking and gasification. With the increase of coal tar production, coal tar processing products have been widely used in the preparation of plastics, dyes, spices, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, solvents, preservatives, rubber and so on. In particular, the United States, Japan, Germany, South Africa and other countries use Texaco coal-water slurry pressure gasification technology synthesis gas, and then create a variety of oxygenated compounds, such as synthetic acetic anhydride, acetic acid, vinyl acetate, methyl formate and carbonic acid Dimethyl ester and so on. The technology has the characteristics of wide application of coal, energy conservation, no environmental pollution, and rapid development.

China's coal chemical industry is developing at a relatively slow pace. Compared with the world's advanced level, China's coal tar industry is lagging behind. It is mainly characterized by small equipment processing capacity, low technological level, fewer product varieties, high energy consumption, and serious environmental pollution. The main reason for this phenomenon is the dispersion and processing of coal tar, which does not scale. At present, Shanghai is embarking on the preparation of a domestic first-class coal tar distillation unit, which will surely greatly increase its technical level and production capacity. The coal gasification technology that represents the technical level of coal chemical industry also lags behind some developed countries. China is a big agricultural country, and the output of synthetic ammonia ranks first in the world. The production capacity of ammonia produced from anthracite or coke accounts for about 65% of the national ammonia production capacity, but the production process is backward, energy consumption is high, and pollution is serious. The current production capacity of methanol in China is 3 million t/year, of which the largest one is the 200,000 t/year production unit introduced by Sichuan Vinylon plant and the 100,000 t/year production unit introduced by Qilu Petrochemical Company's second fertilizer plant. . The remaining production capacity of the remaining devices ranged from several thousand tons to tens of thousands of tons, and the technology was backward, the scale was small, and the energy consumption was high. The 100,000 t/year production facility under construction in Lunan, Shandong Province uses coal as raw material and uses the “three-phase bed” methanol technology developed by China. This technology has advanced world standards and is a major step forward for China's coal-based methanol synthesis technology. In addition, the use of coal as a raw material for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate, methyl formate, etc. is also expected to achieve industrialization.

3 Development orientation of coal chemical industry The development and utilization of coal resources has brought about serious resource and environmental problems. With the rapid development of related science and technology and the continuous improvement of people's understanding, the new generation coal chemical industry is gradually developing to a higher level and a deeper level, and new development ideas and technical solutions continue to emerge. The main feature of the new-generation coal chemical industry is the clean utilization of coal. The key technologies for coal clean utilization are coal gasification technology, coal liquefaction technology, carbon-chemical synthesis and multi-generation technology.

Coal gasification technology is the source of coal chemical industry, an important part of coal clean utilization technology, and the foundation of carbon-chemistry. At present, China's coal gasification technologies are mainly atmospheric fixed-bed gas generators and semi-water gas generators. Most of these processes use high-quality lump coal as raw materials, and have low carbon conversion rates. They are vigorously developing coal varieties with wide adaptability and carbon. The coal gasification technology with high conversion rate and good gas composition has become an inevitable trend. The new-generation coal gasification technologies include the Texaco gasification process and the Shell coal gasification process. Two kinds of technology from the adaptability of raw coal, gas composition and boiler gas recovery rate and other aspects of the comparison found that Shell process has a wide adaptability of coal, high content of gas active ingredients, high heat recovery, low oxygen consumption, furnace With the features of simple structure, economical operation, long service life, etc., this technology will become the first choice for China's coal gasification technology in the 21st century.

Coal liquefaction technology, that is, the use of coal as raw material for the production of liquid hydrocarbons as the main product technology, is divided into two categories of direct liquefaction and indirect liquefaction, the purpose of coal liquefaction is to produce gasoline, diesel and other petrochemical products.

Indirect liquefaction of coal is a process in which a coal-based synthesis gas (C0 + H2) is used as a raw material to fully catalyze and synthesize hydrocarbon fuel oil and chemical raw materials under certain temperature and pressure, including coal gasification to obtain synthesis gas and gas. Purification and conversion, catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbon products and product separation and modification processes. Indirect liquefaction technology was proposed by Franz Ficher and Hanbs Tropsch of Germany in 1923 and is called FT synthesis. In the past few decades, large-scale industrial installations have been built. The Shanxi coalification station in China has built the SMFT process pilot and demonstration facilities during the “7th Five-year Plan” and “Eighth Five-Year Plan” period and achieved certain industrialization experience. During the "10th Five-Year Plan" period, it also planned to produce 10,000-ton industrial demonstration units based on diesel. The direct liquefaction of coal is the depth of catalytic hydrogenation (pyrolysis, solvent extraction, non-catalytic liquefaction, etc.) of liquid hydrocarbons and gaseous hydrocarbons at appropriate temperatures and pressures to remove oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur heteroatoms in the coal. Conversion process. Since 1913, Bergius began researching high-pressure hydrogenation and liquefaction of coal. So far, direct coal liquefaction technologies mainly include the SRC-COAL process in the United States, the LG0R process in Germany, the SCE process in the United Kingdom, and the NED0L process in Japan. Wait.

The carbon-chemical industry refers to the chemical industry, which uses organic compounds that contain one carbon atom as the raw material and produces organic chemical products through organic synthesis and catalytic processes. Its research and development have far-reaching influence on the industries of various countries, and it is a very important area that many industrial countries competed for. It can be said that the development of coal chemical industry depends to a certain extent on the development of the carbon-chemical industry. The basic product of the carbon-chemical industry is methanol. Methanol can be used as fuel, and hundreds of downstream products can be derived from it. The most promising downstream products are dimethyl ether, polyoxymethylene, dimethyl carbonate, and methanol protein. Wait. The development of methanol and its downstream products will greatly promote the development of carbon-chemistry and even coal chemical industry. The development trend of methanol technology is mainly as follows: First, the scale of production is large; second, refined gas purification; and third, high efficiency of synthetic catalysts.

Polygeneration technology is the optimization of the integration of various coal conversion technologies, which can maximize the efficiency of coal resource utilization process from coal to various products. It combines the superiority of various production technology routes to couple the production processes and complement each other. At the same time, it can obtain a variety of high-value-added chemical products (including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons) and various clean secondary energy sources (gases). Fuels, liquid fuels, electricity, etc.) and then use the scientific and technological information development and GMP development history of economic drugs and the implementation of GMP work procedures. Ren Ruili's drugs are special products for disease prevention and treatment, rehabilitation and health care, and plan immunization. Its quality is directly related to the people's life safety. The GMP for pharmaceuticals is the “Good Manufacturing Practice” in English for the “Standards for Quality Management of Pharmaceutical Production”. It is the basic guideline for the management and quality of pharmaceutical companies, and it is the possibility of errors, mixed drugs, and various kinds of pollution in pharmaceutical production. The essential requirements and the most reliable method to minimize the main purpose of the project are: to reduce the risk of drug production and the finished product inspection cannot completely prevent, that is, to prevent pollution, transform post-production management into pre-management, and ensure Produce reliable drugs to ensure the safety and effectiveness of people's medications.

1 Development of drug GMP in China 1.1 International drug management Implementation of GMP In 1969, the World Health Organization recommended that member states adopt the drug GMP system in drug production, and stipulated that export drugs must be subject to regular supervision and inspection in accordance with GMP requirements. The certificate of compliance with the GMP requirements of drugs is issued, so the GMP management of drugs has become the basis for international drug quality control and supervision and inspection. It is the low-grade energy generation of drug companies participating in the international pharmaceutical market, such as residues, tail gas, and waste heat. This is not only conducive to achieving centralized and comprehensive treatment of pollutants, greatly reducing the cost of environmental protection; it is also easy to use waste to treat waste, realize waste utilization, turn waste into treasure, so that the highest energy efficiency, the lowest energy consumption, investment and operation Lowest cost and minimal pollution.

In short, the polygeneration technology is based on the premise of the rational use of the value of coal resources, to meet the sustainable development of the national economy as a goal, based on the level of related technological development, with value enhancement, process efficiency, economic benefits, and environmental protection characteristics. Integrated optimization of multiple subsystems of an integrated objective function. This includes the following several implications: First, the premise of polygeneration is to realize the rational use of the value of coal resources. The specific method is the optimization and integration of various coal conversion technologies. The profound connotation is the cascade utilization of coal resources value; The establishment of various target products for multi-generation should be aimed at satisfying the high-speed and healthy development of the national economy. Only in this way can the products be marketable, thus embodying the maximization of economic efficiency. Third, the development of polygeneration To be limited by the level of related technologies, that is to say, the individual coal conversion technologies that are optimized for integration into polygeneration systems must be mature and reliable. Fourth, the objective function of integration optimization of polygeneration coal conversion systems is not a single one. Instead, it is a comprehensive balance of multiple objective functions. Obviously, the results of the comprehensive balance of multiple objective functions should continue to develop toward deeper levels and higher realms along with the development of social, economic, and technological factors.

Prerequisites are also the fundamental conditions for ensuring the quality of drugs in the domestic market. Until now, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other countries have adopted GMP management systems.

1. 2 Development of China's pharmaceutical GMP In 1982, China Pharmaceutical Industry Corporation was entrusted by the former State Administration of Pharmaceuticals and drafted (revised in 1992). After the establishment of the State Drug Administration in 1998, the GMP was revisited, and the “Manufacturing Quality Regulations for Pharmaceuticals” (revised in 1998) and its appendices were promulgated as the current edition, and the new “Drug Administration Law” and its “Pharmaceuticals” The Implementation Regulations of the Administrative Law gives the legal basis for the enforcement of GMP certification. Therefore, as a pharmaceutical manufacturer, the full implementation of GMP is imperative.

2 How do pharmaceutical companies do GMP implementation and certification? 2.1 The attention of business leaders is the guarantee of GMP (1) Because implementing GMP is a huge and complicated system project, it is not just the matter of the quality management department of the company. , but also involves all aspects of the company's various departments, requires all relevant departments to do a lot of meticulous basic work, and must closely cooperate in maintaining understanding and action to maintain high coal chemical industry in China Although the late start, but the rapid development, and our country's Rich in coal resources, it has great resource advantages. After joining WT0, foreign high-tech and low-cost coal chemical products will also seriously impact China's coal chemical market. Therefore, we should learn from foreign advanced experience, vigorously develop clean coal utilization technology, strive to improve the technical level, and build large scale as much as possible. Coal chemical companies form economies of scale and increase their competitiveness.