In the soil and water conservation education base of Xinfeng County in Jiangxi Province, the contrast between the tail-sand mountains left behind by the development of rare earth and the surrounding navel orange gardens has been sharp and lively for some time. Why is the United States sealed up in a large mine with abundant rare earth resources? What are the strategic intentions of Japan's massive import of rare earth resources? What are the important uses of rare earth materials? Under the background of the sharp decline in China's rare earth resources, developed countries such as the United States and Japan have repeatedly pressured China to force China to continue exporting rare earth resources at a low price. How can China effectively develop and protect rare earth resources? ... Various questions and opinions deserve our careful study and discussion.
Migrant workers refract the trend of China's economic maps in the west. Influx of rushing tides: Stable grain farming inflation Yunnan “bridgehead†plan is expected to announce next week that the central bank has cumulatively invested over 9,000 million yuan for the first time in a row. The first batch of rare earth mines were planned by the national mining authorities. The alleged stealing of transnational oil companies is a matter of fact: China's exports of rare earths in 2010 were 39,813 tons. It is 9555 tons higher than the original plan of 30,258 tons. At the same time, the smuggling of rare earths continues to spread, which in turn aggravates the deterioration of private excavation and mining. According to statistics, in less than a year before and after 2009, China’s Customs successively cracked out rare earth smuggling cases, involving a total of 10,000 tons of rare earths.
In the increasingly fierce competition for global rare earth resources, we should learn from the experience of some countries and plan to develop rare earth resources and effectively use and protect rare earth resources.
Development and protection are not to be abandoned for a long time, China's "pork" or even "Chinese cabbage" prices a large number of cheap exports of rare earth resources, resulting in a sharp reduction in rare earth resource reserves. In October 2009, “Father of Rare Earths†and Academician Xu Guangxian of the Chinese Academy of Sciences pointed out in an interview with the media that China’s five southern provinces contain very valuable medium and heavy rare earths, with industrial reserves of 1.5 million tons, but more than 900,000 tons have been mined. There are only 600,000 tons remaining. According to the current mining rate, it will be finished in 10 years. By then, we will have to buy from the United States and Japan. They may "sell" rare earth materials more than a hundred times or thousands of times more.
The waste of rare earth resources in our country is amazing. According to Xu Guangxian, the Baotou Zhudong Mine annually mines 10 million tons of iron ore containing 500,000 tons of rare earths, of which 10% is wasted, 10% is wasted, and the remaining 80% enter the tailings dam. The world’s largest rare earth ore, Baiyenbo Minerals, may disappear within 30 years. Xu Guangxian twice wrote the State Council in 2005 and 2006 and urgently called for the protection of Baiyun Obo mine and rare earth resources to avoid radioactive contamination of the Yellow River and Baotou.
Rare earth is a strategic resource, which can be used for civilian purposes. However, China has been exporting rare earth resources to the United States and Japan. China's practice of orderly management of the exploitation and trade of rare earth resources is in line with WTO rules. On this issue of principle, we cannot yield to the pressure of other countries.
The development process needs to protect the environment. For a long period of time, there are a series of problems such as extensive production methods and serious waste of resources in the development of rare earth resources in China. In particular, some enterprises have weak environmental protection awareness and serious environmental pollution. For example, for each ton of rare earths mined in the pool leaching process, 200 square meters of surface vegetation will be destroyed, 300 square meters of topsoil will be stripped, resulting in 2,000 cubic meters of tailings, resulting in an annual loss of 1,200 cubic meters of soil and water.
Li Guoqing, director of the Jiangxi Mines Administration Bureau of Ganzhou City, explained: “Since the mid-to-late period of the 1980s, under the influence of the erroneous ideas of “large mines were opened, small mines were opened, and water flows fast,†rare earth resources in Ganzhou became indiscriminate. The chaos of excavation and disorderly competition is almost mining in counties and counties. The number of mines with mining permits at the highest peak reached 1035.†He pointed out: “Because of the backwardness of technology and ideas, many mining activities “have eaten half and throw half†not only seriously. Wasted resources, but also caused great damage to the local ecological environment, a green hill a few months after the devastated, loess.†According to Liu Yan, deputy mayor of Luzhou City, introduced: “In order to protect the environment and improve the utilization of rare earth resources, from 2003 Since then, the city has completely stopped the pool leaching process with a comprehensive recovery rate of less than 50%. In 2007, it completely stopped the heap leaching process with a recovery rate of less than 70%, and actively explored and adopted all in situ leaching methods with a recovery rate of more than 80%. “Mining process.†However, experts in the industry pointed out that even if the mining process is improved, it will be impossible to avoid damage to the environment. Once the surface vegetation in the mining area is damaged, recovery is very difficult.
More than a year ago, the “New York Times†website on the United States published an article titled “The Earth-friendly Elements Are Destroyed.†It was written that some of the greenest technologies in the world depend on everything from electric cars to energy-saving light bulbs to large-scale wind turbines. A group of special substances can exist, they are collectively referred to as rare earth elements, these elements are almost entirely produced in China. Rare earth elements are very scarce, because they are magic ingredients for green energy products. A very small amount of helium can make the magnet in the motor lighter by 90%, and helium can save the bulb by 80%. Ninety-nine percent of the world's plutonium and germanium are produced in China, and China's production is mostly produced in about 200 mines in the northern part of Guangdong and neighboring Jiangxi Province. The exploitation of rare earth resources has seriously damaged the local ecological environment. According to the article, Guyun Village, a small village in the southeastern China, dense bamboo forest and banana forest, the traces of environmental damage are clearly visible, the brown-red plate-crusted soil has cracked, and the land under the valley is barely grassy. It once grew there. Green rice. Acidic substances used to extract rare earth elements eventually enter streams and rivers, destroy rice fields and fisheries, and contaminate water sources. This may be the main reason why the United States has seized rare earths from its own country and imported rare earths from China.
In 1986, the output of rare earth in China surpassed that of the United States. According to a report from the United States entitled "Rare Earth Elements Global Supply Chain", in 2009, China's rare earth reserves were 36 million tons, accounting for 36% of the world's rare earth reserves, and the output was 120,000 tons, accounting for 97% of the world's rare earth output. In sharp contrast to this, the United States reserves 13 million tons of rare earth, accounting for 13% of the world's rare earth reserves, while the output is zero, the required rare earth resources are mainly imported from China.
Improving the overall economic and social benefits According to statistics, in 1980, the world’s rare earth production was 26,000 tons. From 2007 to 2008, the annual global output of rare earths reached 124,000 tons, of which China’s largest output was 120,000 tons, accounting for 96.8 percent of global rare earth output. %, followed by India, 2700 tons, Brazil 650 tons. Rare earth reserves in the United States and the Commonwealth of Independent States account for 32.5% of the world's rare earth reserves, but so far rare earth production is almost zero; Australia's rare earth resources are abundant, but in a few years to provide rare earth resources; Japan, the United States and other developed countries continue to import large amounts of rare earth resources. In December 2010, Germany’s Der Spiegel Weekly reported that Germany will establish a research center for rare earths and other raw materials in 2011. The German scientific research community will contribute to ensuring the country’s industrial development by providing safe, sustainable and competitive raw materials. However, this is not achievable in the short term. For a long time to come, the global demand for rare earth resources will continue to increase, and the prices of rare earth resources continue to rise.
Based on the global trend of supply and demand of rare earth resources and the decreasing reserves of China's rare earth resources, China’s policy should be to, first, strengthen macroeconomic regulation and control, further rectify and standardize development order, increase the recovery rate and utilization rate of rare earth resources, and second, during the exploitation process. , continuously improve the level of production technology, do everything possible to protect the ecological environment, not to leave future troubles for future generations; Third, increase investment in R & D, enhance scientific and technological innovation, master core patents and improve core competitiveness, increase the right to speak in the international market and Pricing rights, improve the overall economic and social benefits. At the same time, we must establish a reserve system. Xu Guangxian, the “father of rare earths,†pointed out that the US Department of Defense and the Japanese Defense Agency both have a strategic element reserve system, and stipulate that 35 elements including 16 rare earth elements are strategic elements. He proposed that we should also establish a strategic resource reserve system.
"Industrial vitamins" in a few countries
Existing exploration shows that 29 countries and regions in the world have rare earth resources, but they are mainly concentrated in several countries and regions. According to the US Geological Survey, in 2009, the reserves of rare earth resources in the world were approximately 98.5 million tons, of which China accounted for 36.5%, CIS countries accounted for 19.3%, the United States accounted for 13.2%, Australia accounted for 5.5%, and India accounted for 3.1%. Other countries and regions accounted for 22.3%.
China's rare earth reserves once accounted for about 90% of global reserves. Since 1958, China has been mining rare earth resources. For more than 50 years, it has supplied large amounts of rare earth resources to other countries, and domestic reserves of rare earths have drastically decreased. In particular, from the 1990s to the present, the export volume of rare earth resources in China has increased by 10 times. China's export volume of rare earth resources has accounted for more than 90% of the world's total exports of rare earth resources. "Shanghai Securities News" quoted data from officials of the Ministry of Commerce in October 2010 showed that in the past 13 years, China's rare earth resource reserves accounted for the world's total reserves of proven rare earth resources has dropped from 43% to 30%, according to the current mining Speed, China's rare earth resources can only maintain demand for the next 15 to 20 years.
The United States has the third largest amount of rare earth reserves in the world. In order to protect the rare earth resources, the United States sealed the largest mountain-mountain Mountain Range mine with 4.3 million tons of proven rare earth reserves in 1997. The United States "Science News" quoted a new report on November 19, 2010, saying that a large number of rare earth deposits have been discovered in 14 US states. Among them, the largest known deposits are in Mountain Pass in California and Bokan in Alasla. Mountains and Bell Lodge in Wyoming.
Due to the consideration of **** and economic security, the United States is reorganizing its rare earth strategy and is ready to restart its rare earth mining. An article published in the "Financial Reorganization Strategy of the United States" published in the "Financial Times" website of the United Kingdom in September 2010: "The United States is rushing to resume the production of raw materials necessary for national defense equipment and green science and technology to cope with all parties' control over China. The growing concern of the rare earth industry. "The article quoted the House of Representatives. Dalkenbeer’s words: “If we do not take action to ensure that we have sufficient supplies, then our country will definitely be in danger in terms of security and economic security.†She has drafted a bill aimed at making the United States the next five. Realize self-sufficiency during the year.
Australia has so far been a country with zero production of rare earths, but investors expect Australia to become a major producer of rare earths within a few years. Agence France-Presse quoted Matthew Mathew, vice president of the company's business development at the Linas Mining Company in October 2010. James said: "Because of China's limited resources, China's domestic development needs and China's desire to increase domestic production efficiency, we believe that in the next 5 to 10 years, China may become a net importer of rare earths," said a rare earth investor. People will soon "highly concern" Australia. He said: “When you read the recent international literature on the scarcity of rare earths, you will find that it mentions Australia. However, nobody knows that Australia’s rare earth reserves account for 46% of the world’s rare earth reserves. Moreover, our mineral deposits may be The world's richest and best."
Japan does not have rare earth resources, but it is the country with the most reserves of rare earth resources. The "Japan Times" website quoted data from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan in October 2010 that 90% of Japan's rare earth supply depends on China. According to a professor from the University of Okinawa, Japan, Japan has established a rare metal reserve system and base since 1993. It is estimated that the current stock of rare earth in Japan is enough for the country to use for at least 20 years. October 3, 2010 AFP quoted Professor Gunei of Teikyo University in Japan on the proposal of importing rare earth resources: “In the long run, Japan should diversify its supply and better manage risk. 90% of supply depends on China. It is very tricky.†While Japan continues to import rare earth resources from China, it is expanding other sources. According to AFP, October 22, 2010, Japan and Vietnam plan to reach an agreement on the joint development of rare earth resources. Two rare earth mines in Vietnam provide at least 7,000 tons of rare earth resources each year, enough to meet more than 20% of Japan's rare earth demand. According to the Japanese Yomiuri Shimbun on November 24, 2010, a Japanese trading company acquired the mining rights of rare earth mines in Australia and has reached a consensus with a local private enterprise on relevant issues. If an agreement is formally reached, Japan can secure about 8,500 tons of rare earths each year for the next few years, which is equivalent to nearly 30% of Japan's annual demand for rare earths.
Rare Earth Twenty-first Century Gold At present, the world's proven rare earth resources are less than 100 million tons, which is a scarce and very important strategic resource. Xie Jiaqi, who was once a member of the State Council’s rare earth leading group of experts, said in an interview with reporters on March 19, 2010 that almost no one did not recognize that rare earths played a key role in strategic emerging industries such as new energy, energy conservation and environmental protection, and new materials. The role, and "the melting of new energy and automation, the 21st century will become the century of the industrial giant."
The use of rare earth materials is very extensive and important. In April 2010, the president of the Hunan Institute of Rare Earth Metal Materials pointed out in an interview with the media that every element of rare earth can form a multi-billion-dollar industry. Therefore, rare earths are called "industrial vitamins." Rare earth resources are widely used in many industries. Not only high-tech industries, but also mobile phones, computer hard drives, monitors and other daily necessities of life are inseparable from the production of rare earth. Therefore, rare earth is also known as genuine "21st century gold."
In April 2010, Japan’s “Fuji Industry and Commerce Daily†published an article titled “China’s Mastery of the Sharp Gates of the American Weapons Manufacturing Industry,†citing a report published before the US Congressional Audit Office (GAO) showing that China has mastered American high technology. Weapons make the door. According to the article, rare earth is an abbreviation for 17 elements such as yttrium, ytterbium, ytterbium, ytterbium, platinum, etc. It is indispensable and irreplaceable for various weapons and equipment such as precision guided weapons, radars, and night vision goggles for manufacturing “smart **â€. element. The U.S. industry needs to continue to rely on imports of rare earths from China for the next few years.
At the end of 2009, the United States Boeing 787 Dreamliner successfully test flight. Its main structure is made of carbon fiber synthetic material and titanium material, which can save 20% of fuel and emit less greenhouse gas during voyage. The new materials used in this aircraft are related to raw materials such as rare earths and non-ferrous metals. The United States imports these raw materials from developing countries such as China at low prices, uses these raw materials to make new materials, assembles aircraft with better performance, and sells them to countries including China at a very high price.
The automotive industry and related transportation industries are the areas that consume the most energy. The development of energy-saving hybrid vehicles is closely related to the rare earth elements. An article published by the British "Isle of Independents" in January 2010 showed that Toyota's annual production of Prius hybrid cars will reach 1 million, while the production of each Prius car requires 16 kilograms of rare earth. Xiong Jiaqi believes: "This figure can be questioned, may not be 16 kilograms of rare earth, but 16 kilograms of rare earth new materials." According to his calculations, a Prius car may have 10 applications for rare earths, including: application of rare earth hydrogen storage Materials for batteries, rare earth permanent magnet motors, rare earth catalyst tail gas treatment catalysts, oxygen sensors, rubber tires, rare earth materials using high-priced ceramics, rare earth alloys and glass used to reduce vehicle weight and radiation ultraviolet light And so on... The buzz of a new energy car is on the rise globally, and more and more automakers are starting to develop hybrid vehicles. The demand for new rare earth materials will increase.
Lighting is also a big energy consumer and many countries are developing energy-saving lamps. "Russian News" reported in October 2010 that scientists at the Russian Academy of Sciences' southern research center are developing a special light bulb whose power consumption is only 1/40 that of conventional incandescent lamps. According to Tang Yuxuan, general manager of Hangzhou Daming Fluorescent Materials Co., Ltd., China produced 3 billion energy-saving lamps in 2009, which accounted for 80% of the world's energy-saving lamps, 80% of which were sold abroad. The luminous efficiency of a 14-18 watt energy-saving lamp in a venue is equivalent to the luminous efficiency of a 100 watt tungsten lamp. Tang Yuxuan believes that, from the perspective of energy-saving lamp production, it is inevitable to increase the service life of the lamp. "A lamp, 2000 hours, 3000 hours, or even 5000 hours died, so that the fluorescent powder wasted, the lamp wasted, the battery material wasted, and the waste of rare earth resources." He proposed that both the government and the market Should support real energy-saving, material-saving companies and products, recycling rare earth luminescent materials in the lamp.
In 1987, rare earth began to be used for computer production and other electronic products. Later, rare earths are widely used in many high-tech industries, from wind turbines to mobile phones and lighting, and especially rare earths are crucial to clean energy technologies. Rare earth belongs to the core material of the clean energy industry, and even involves the military high-tech and other key sectors, which are related to strategic competition among countries. The reason why the United States "Patriot" ** can accurately intercept the attack, thanks to its guidance system uses about four kilograms of tungsten cobalt magnets and titanium ferroboron magnets. The American "Aegis" system's spy-1 radar also uses magnets made from Chinese rare earths. Without these elements, the "Aegis" of the United States will have to "go blind."
As one of China's strategic emerging industries, the new materials industry represented by rare earth functional materials has become a blue ocean that has attracted much attention from the market. In the three major fields of energy conservation and environmental protection, new energy, and new energy vehicles, rare earth functional materials have unparalleled advantages, rare earth permanent magnets, luminescence, catalysis, hydrogen storage, polishing materials, etc., will become the stars of the new material field in the future. Regarding the importance of rare earth resources, during Deng Xiaoping's 1992 southern tour, he vividly compared "there is oil in the Middle East and rare earth in China."
Migrant workers refract the trend of China's economic maps in the west. Influx of rushing tides: Stable grain farming inflation Yunnan “bridgehead†plan is expected to announce next week that the central bank has cumulatively invested over 9,000 million yuan for the first time in a row. The first batch of rare earth mines were planned by the national mining authorities. The alleged stealing of transnational oil companies is a matter of fact: China's exports of rare earths in 2010 were 39,813 tons. It is 9555 tons higher than the original plan of 30,258 tons. At the same time, the smuggling of rare earths continues to spread, which in turn aggravates the deterioration of private excavation and mining. According to statistics, in less than a year before and after 2009, China’s Customs successively cracked out rare earth smuggling cases, involving a total of 10,000 tons of rare earths.
In the increasingly fierce competition for global rare earth resources, we should learn from the experience of some countries and plan to develop rare earth resources and effectively use and protect rare earth resources.
Development and protection are not to be abandoned for a long time, China's "pork" or even "Chinese cabbage" prices a large number of cheap exports of rare earth resources, resulting in a sharp reduction in rare earth resource reserves. In October 2009, “Father of Rare Earths†and Academician Xu Guangxian of the Chinese Academy of Sciences pointed out in an interview with the media that China’s five southern provinces contain very valuable medium and heavy rare earths, with industrial reserves of 1.5 million tons, but more than 900,000 tons have been mined. There are only 600,000 tons remaining. According to the current mining rate, it will be finished in 10 years. By then, we will have to buy from the United States and Japan. They may "sell" rare earth materials more than a hundred times or thousands of times more.
The waste of rare earth resources in our country is amazing. According to Xu Guangxian, the Baotou Zhudong Mine annually mines 10 million tons of iron ore containing 500,000 tons of rare earths, of which 10% is wasted, 10% is wasted, and the remaining 80% enter the tailings dam. The world’s largest rare earth ore, Baiyenbo Minerals, may disappear within 30 years. Xu Guangxian twice wrote the State Council in 2005 and 2006 and urgently called for the protection of Baiyun Obo mine and rare earth resources to avoid radioactive contamination of the Yellow River and Baotou.
Rare earth is a strategic resource, which can be used for civilian purposes. However, China has been exporting rare earth resources to the United States and Japan. China's practice of orderly management of the exploitation and trade of rare earth resources is in line with WTO rules. On this issue of principle, we cannot yield to the pressure of other countries.
The development process needs to protect the environment. For a long period of time, there are a series of problems such as extensive production methods and serious waste of resources in the development of rare earth resources in China. In particular, some enterprises have weak environmental protection awareness and serious environmental pollution. For example, for each ton of rare earths mined in the pool leaching process, 200 square meters of surface vegetation will be destroyed, 300 square meters of topsoil will be stripped, resulting in 2,000 cubic meters of tailings, resulting in an annual loss of 1,200 cubic meters of soil and water.
Li Guoqing, director of the Jiangxi Mines Administration Bureau of Ganzhou City, explained: “Since the mid-to-late period of the 1980s, under the influence of the erroneous ideas of “large mines were opened, small mines were opened, and water flows fast,†rare earth resources in Ganzhou became indiscriminate. The chaos of excavation and disorderly competition is almost mining in counties and counties. The number of mines with mining permits at the highest peak reached 1035.†He pointed out: “Because of the backwardness of technology and ideas, many mining activities “have eaten half and throw half†not only seriously. Wasted resources, but also caused great damage to the local ecological environment, a green hill a few months after the devastated, loess.†According to Liu Yan, deputy mayor of Luzhou City, introduced: “In order to protect the environment and improve the utilization of rare earth resources, from 2003 Since then, the city has completely stopped the pool leaching process with a comprehensive recovery rate of less than 50%. In 2007, it completely stopped the heap leaching process with a recovery rate of less than 70%, and actively explored and adopted all in situ leaching methods with a recovery rate of more than 80%. “Mining process.†However, experts in the industry pointed out that even if the mining process is improved, it will be impossible to avoid damage to the environment. Once the surface vegetation in the mining area is damaged, recovery is very difficult.
More than a year ago, the “New York Times†website on the United States published an article titled “The Earth-friendly Elements Are Destroyed.†It was written that some of the greenest technologies in the world depend on everything from electric cars to energy-saving light bulbs to large-scale wind turbines. A group of special substances can exist, they are collectively referred to as rare earth elements, these elements are almost entirely produced in China. Rare earth elements are very scarce, because they are magic ingredients for green energy products. A very small amount of helium can make the magnet in the motor lighter by 90%, and helium can save the bulb by 80%. Ninety-nine percent of the world's plutonium and germanium are produced in China, and China's production is mostly produced in about 200 mines in the northern part of Guangdong and neighboring Jiangxi Province. The exploitation of rare earth resources has seriously damaged the local ecological environment. According to the article, Guyun Village, a small village in the southeastern China, dense bamboo forest and banana forest, the traces of environmental damage are clearly visible, the brown-red plate-crusted soil has cracked, and the land under the valley is barely grassy. It once grew there. Green rice. Acidic substances used to extract rare earth elements eventually enter streams and rivers, destroy rice fields and fisheries, and contaminate water sources. This may be the main reason why the United States has seized rare earths from its own country and imported rare earths from China.
In 1986, the output of rare earth in China surpassed that of the United States. According to a report from the United States entitled "Rare Earth Elements Global Supply Chain", in 2009, China's rare earth reserves were 36 million tons, accounting for 36% of the world's rare earth reserves, and the output was 120,000 tons, accounting for 97% of the world's rare earth output. In sharp contrast to this, the United States reserves 13 million tons of rare earth, accounting for 13% of the world's rare earth reserves, while the output is zero, the required rare earth resources are mainly imported from China.
Improving the overall economic and social benefits According to statistics, in 1980, the world’s rare earth production was 26,000 tons. From 2007 to 2008, the annual global output of rare earths reached 124,000 tons, of which China’s largest output was 120,000 tons, accounting for 96.8 percent of global rare earth output. %, followed by India, 2700 tons, Brazil 650 tons. Rare earth reserves in the United States and the Commonwealth of Independent States account for 32.5% of the world's rare earth reserves, but so far rare earth production is almost zero; Australia's rare earth resources are abundant, but in a few years to provide rare earth resources; Japan, the United States and other developed countries continue to import large amounts of rare earth resources. In December 2010, Germany’s Der Spiegel Weekly reported that Germany will establish a research center for rare earths and other raw materials in 2011. The German scientific research community will contribute to ensuring the country’s industrial development by providing safe, sustainable and competitive raw materials. However, this is not achievable in the short term. For a long time to come, the global demand for rare earth resources will continue to increase, and the prices of rare earth resources continue to rise.
Based on the global trend of supply and demand of rare earth resources and the decreasing reserves of China's rare earth resources, China’s policy should be to, first, strengthen macroeconomic regulation and control, further rectify and standardize development order, increase the recovery rate and utilization rate of rare earth resources, and second, during the exploitation process. , continuously improve the level of production technology, do everything possible to protect the ecological environment, not to leave future troubles for future generations; Third, increase investment in R & D, enhance scientific and technological innovation, master core patents and improve core competitiveness, increase the right to speak in the international market and Pricing rights, improve the overall economic and social benefits. At the same time, we must establish a reserve system. Xu Guangxian, the “father of rare earths,†pointed out that the US Department of Defense and the Japanese Defense Agency both have a strategic element reserve system, and stipulate that 35 elements including 16 rare earth elements are strategic elements. He proposed that we should also establish a strategic resource reserve system.
"Industrial vitamins" in a few countries
Existing exploration shows that 29 countries and regions in the world have rare earth resources, but they are mainly concentrated in several countries and regions. According to the US Geological Survey, in 2009, the reserves of rare earth resources in the world were approximately 98.5 million tons, of which China accounted for 36.5%, CIS countries accounted for 19.3%, the United States accounted for 13.2%, Australia accounted for 5.5%, and India accounted for 3.1%. Other countries and regions accounted for 22.3%.
China's rare earth reserves once accounted for about 90% of global reserves. Since 1958, China has been mining rare earth resources. For more than 50 years, it has supplied large amounts of rare earth resources to other countries, and domestic reserves of rare earths have drastically decreased. In particular, from the 1990s to the present, the export volume of rare earth resources in China has increased by 10 times. China's export volume of rare earth resources has accounted for more than 90% of the world's total exports of rare earth resources. "Shanghai Securities News" quoted data from officials of the Ministry of Commerce in October 2010 showed that in the past 13 years, China's rare earth resource reserves accounted for the world's total reserves of proven rare earth resources has dropped from 43% to 30%, according to the current mining Speed, China's rare earth resources can only maintain demand for the next 15 to 20 years.
The United States has the third largest amount of rare earth reserves in the world. In order to protect the rare earth resources, the United States sealed the largest mountain-mountain Mountain Range mine with 4.3 million tons of proven rare earth reserves in 1997. The United States "Science News" quoted a new report on November 19, 2010, saying that a large number of rare earth deposits have been discovered in 14 US states. Among them, the largest known deposits are in Mountain Pass in California and Bokan in Alasla. Mountains and Bell Lodge in Wyoming.
Due to the consideration of **** and economic security, the United States is reorganizing its rare earth strategy and is ready to restart its rare earth mining. An article published in the "Financial Reorganization Strategy of the United States" published in the "Financial Times" website of the United Kingdom in September 2010: "The United States is rushing to resume the production of raw materials necessary for national defense equipment and green science and technology to cope with all parties' control over China. The growing concern of the rare earth industry. "The article quoted the House of Representatives. Dalkenbeer’s words: “If we do not take action to ensure that we have sufficient supplies, then our country will definitely be in danger in terms of security and economic security.†She has drafted a bill aimed at making the United States the next five. Realize self-sufficiency during the year.
Australia has so far been a country with zero production of rare earths, but investors expect Australia to become a major producer of rare earths within a few years. Agence France-Presse quoted Matthew Mathew, vice president of the company's business development at the Linas Mining Company in October 2010. James said: "Because of China's limited resources, China's domestic development needs and China's desire to increase domestic production efficiency, we believe that in the next 5 to 10 years, China may become a net importer of rare earths," said a rare earth investor. People will soon "highly concern" Australia. He said: “When you read the recent international literature on the scarcity of rare earths, you will find that it mentions Australia. However, nobody knows that Australia’s rare earth reserves account for 46% of the world’s rare earth reserves. Moreover, our mineral deposits may be The world's richest and best."
Japan does not have rare earth resources, but it is the country with the most reserves of rare earth resources. The "Japan Times" website quoted data from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan in October 2010 that 90% of Japan's rare earth supply depends on China. According to a professor from the University of Okinawa, Japan, Japan has established a rare metal reserve system and base since 1993. It is estimated that the current stock of rare earth in Japan is enough for the country to use for at least 20 years. October 3, 2010 AFP quoted Professor Gunei of Teikyo University in Japan on the proposal of importing rare earth resources: “In the long run, Japan should diversify its supply and better manage risk. 90% of supply depends on China. It is very tricky.†While Japan continues to import rare earth resources from China, it is expanding other sources. According to AFP, October 22, 2010, Japan and Vietnam plan to reach an agreement on the joint development of rare earth resources. Two rare earth mines in Vietnam provide at least 7,000 tons of rare earth resources each year, enough to meet more than 20% of Japan's rare earth demand. According to the Japanese Yomiuri Shimbun on November 24, 2010, a Japanese trading company acquired the mining rights of rare earth mines in Australia and has reached a consensus with a local private enterprise on relevant issues. If an agreement is formally reached, Japan can secure about 8,500 tons of rare earths each year for the next few years, which is equivalent to nearly 30% of Japan's annual demand for rare earths.
Rare Earth Twenty-first Century Gold At present, the world's proven rare earth resources are less than 100 million tons, which is a scarce and very important strategic resource. Xie Jiaqi, who was once a member of the State Council’s rare earth leading group of experts, said in an interview with reporters on March 19, 2010 that almost no one did not recognize that rare earths played a key role in strategic emerging industries such as new energy, energy conservation and environmental protection, and new materials. The role, and "the melting of new energy and automation, the 21st century will become the century of the industrial giant."
The use of rare earth materials is very extensive and important. In April 2010, the president of the Hunan Institute of Rare Earth Metal Materials pointed out in an interview with the media that every element of rare earth can form a multi-billion-dollar industry. Therefore, rare earths are called "industrial vitamins." Rare earth resources are widely used in many industries. Not only high-tech industries, but also mobile phones, computer hard drives, monitors and other daily necessities of life are inseparable from the production of rare earth. Therefore, rare earth is also known as genuine "21st century gold."
In April 2010, Japan’s “Fuji Industry and Commerce Daily†published an article titled “China’s Mastery of the Sharp Gates of the American Weapons Manufacturing Industry,†citing a report published before the US Congressional Audit Office (GAO) showing that China has mastered American high technology. Weapons make the door. According to the article, rare earth is an abbreviation for 17 elements such as yttrium, ytterbium, ytterbium, ytterbium, platinum, etc. It is indispensable and irreplaceable for various weapons and equipment such as precision guided weapons, radars, and night vision goggles for manufacturing “smart **â€. element. The U.S. industry needs to continue to rely on imports of rare earths from China for the next few years.
At the end of 2009, the United States Boeing 787 Dreamliner successfully test flight. Its main structure is made of carbon fiber synthetic material and titanium material, which can save 20% of fuel and emit less greenhouse gas during voyage. The new materials used in this aircraft are related to raw materials such as rare earths and non-ferrous metals. The United States imports these raw materials from developing countries such as China at low prices, uses these raw materials to make new materials, assembles aircraft with better performance, and sells them to countries including China at a very high price.
The automotive industry and related transportation industries are the areas that consume the most energy. The development of energy-saving hybrid vehicles is closely related to the rare earth elements. An article published by the British "Isle of Independents" in January 2010 showed that Toyota's annual production of Prius hybrid cars will reach 1 million, while the production of each Prius car requires 16 kilograms of rare earth. Xiong Jiaqi believes: "This figure can be questioned, may not be 16 kilograms of rare earth, but 16 kilograms of rare earth new materials." According to his calculations, a Prius car may have 10 applications for rare earths, including: application of rare earth hydrogen storage Materials for batteries, rare earth permanent magnet motors, rare earth catalyst tail gas treatment catalysts, oxygen sensors, rubber tires, rare earth materials using high-priced ceramics, rare earth alloys and glass used to reduce vehicle weight and radiation ultraviolet light And so on... The buzz of a new energy car is on the rise globally, and more and more automakers are starting to develop hybrid vehicles. The demand for new rare earth materials will increase.
Lighting is also a big energy consumer and many countries are developing energy-saving lamps. "Russian News" reported in October 2010 that scientists at the Russian Academy of Sciences' southern research center are developing a special light bulb whose power consumption is only 1/40 that of conventional incandescent lamps. According to Tang Yuxuan, general manager of Hangzhou Daming Fluorescent Materials Co., Ltd., China produced 3 billion energy-saving lamps in 2009, which accounted for 80% of the world's energy-saving lamps, 80% of which were sold abroad. The luminous efficiency of a 14-18 watt energy-saving lamp in a venue is equivalent to the luminous efficiency of a 100 watt tungsten lamp. Tang Yuxuan believes that, from the perspective of energy-saving lamp production, it is inevitable to increase the service life of the lamp. "A lamp, 2000 hours, 3000 hours, or even 5000 hours died, so that the fluorescent powder wasted, the lamp wasted, the battery material wasted, and the waste of rare earth resources." He proposed that both the government and the market Should support real energy-saving, material-saving companies and products, recycling rare earth luminescent materials in the lamp.
In 1987, rare earth began to be used for computer production and other electronic products. Later, rare earths are widely used in many high-tech industries, from wind turbines to mobile phones and lighting, and especially rare earths are crucial to clean energy technologies. Rare earth belongs to the core material of the clean energy industry, and even involves the military high-tech and other key sectors, which are related to strategic competition among countries. The reason why the United States "Patriot" ** can accurately intercept the attack, thanks to its guidance system uses about four kilograms of tungsten cobalt magnets and titanium ferroboron magnets. The American "Aegis" system's spy-1 radar also uses magnets made from Chinese rare earths. Without these elements, the "Aegis" of the United States will have to "go blind."
As one of China's strategic emerging industries, the new materials industry represented by rare earth functional materials has become a blue ocean that has attracted much attention from the market. In the three major fields of energy conservation and environmental protection, new energy, and new energy vehicles, rare earth functional materials have unparalleled advantages, rare earth permanent magnets, luminescence, catalysis, hydrogen storage, polishing materials, etc., will become the stars of the new material field in the future. Regarding the importance of rare earth resources, during Deng Xiaoping's 1992 southern tour, he vividly compared "there is oil in the Middle East and rare earth in China."
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